说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
121. (30905-!-item-!-188;#058&004341)
When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if
the gas is enclosed in a container, or an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
(A) When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure
if the gas is enclosed in a container, or
(B) When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is accompanied either by an increase in pressure
if it is enclosed in a container or
(C) When the temperature of a gas is increased, the increase is either accompanied by an increase
in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
(D) Any increase in the temperature of a gas is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if it
is enclosed in a container, or by
(E) Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the
gas is enclosed in a container or by
句子结构：Any increase… is accompanied either by… or by…
主语是increase，谓语是is accompanied，后跟由either… or…连接的并列结构。
考点：平行对称、指代一致、简洁有效
平行对称-介词短语，either… or…连接的对象要保持对称，相同的介词通常不省略，以避免产生歧义。
指代一致，当句子中有多个单数名词时，注意 it 的指代对象，避免指代歧义的发生致使句子逻辑关系
混乱。
简洁有效，用最简洁的方式表达原句所要表达的意思，避免用词重复使句子啰嗦不简洁。
(A) either… or…连接的对象不对称；it错误地指代temperature，不符合逻辑。
(B) either… or…连接的对象不对称；it错误地指代temperature，不符合逻辑。
(C) either… or…连接的对象不对称，accompanied 应该置于either前面；when… is increased, the
increase两次increase的重复使句子变得啰嗦，没有必要用when引导状语从句。
(D) either… or…连接的对象不对称，accompanied 应该置于either前面；it错误地指代increase，应
该指代gas。
(E) 正确，either… or… 连接并列的介词短语。
122. (30951-!-item-!-188;#058&004354)
Surveys have shown that in up to 40 percent of elderly people living independently in affluent
countries, the consumption of one or more essential nutrients is insufficient or they have deficient
levels of these nutrients in their blood.
(A) in up to 40 percent of elderly people living independently in affluent countries, the consumption
of one or more essential nutrients is insufficient or they have
(B) in up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries, they consume
one or more essential nutrients insufficiently or have
(C) in up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries, one or more
essential nutrients are consumed insufficiently or having
(D) up to 40 percent of elderly people living independently in affluent countries who consume
insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or who have
(E) up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries consume
insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or have
句子结构：Surveys have shown that… elderly people… consume… or have…
主语是surveys，谓语是have shown，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明show的内容，宾语从句的主语是
elderly people，由who引导的定语从句修饰，并列谓语是consume和have。
考点：指代一致、逻辑表达、平行对称
指代一致，当句子中有多个复数名词时，注意 they 的指代对象，避免指代歧义的发生致使句子逻辑
关系混乱。
逻辑表达-修饰，副词修饰动词，形容词修饰名词，很多选项会将副词与形容词混用，使句子意思发
生变化，要特别留意；定语从句修饰紧临的名词或代词。
平行对称-句子，表达并列的含义，如果主语相同，最好用由 and 或 or 连接的并列谓语，平行且简洁。
(A) they的指代对象错误；or连接的并列结构不平行。
(B) they的指代对象不清楚；副词insufficiently修饰动词consume，与原句形容词insufficient修饰对象
不同，改变了原句要表达的意思。
(C) 被动语态的表达方式不清楚，没有说明施动对象；or having没有平行对象，因为前面是are
consumed。
(D) who引导的并列定语从句错误地修饰紧临的名词countries。
(E) 正确，宾语从句谓语结构是elderly people consume or have，who引导定语从句修饰主语。
123. (30997-!-item-!-188;#058&004357)
According to two teams of paleontologists, recent fossil discoveries in Pakistan show that whales,
porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and hippos--than to
any other mammals.
(A) that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--than
(B) that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--as
(C) whales, porpoises, and dolphins to be more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--than they are
(D) whales, porpoises, and dolphins as being more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--as they are
(E) whales, porpoises, and dolphins as more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed
ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and hippos--than
句子结构：According to…, … discoveries... show that whales… are more closedly related to… than
to…
主语是discoveries，谓语是show，后跟that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句中有比较结构
考点：句子结构、比较
句子结构-that 引导的宾语从句，常见能跟这类从句的动词有 admit, advise, agree, believe, claim,
command, find, explain, learn, know, require 等等。在正式书面语中，that 通常不省略为好。
比较，less/more adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，补出助动词以避免产生歧义，介词不可省略。
常见的错误用法包括：缺少助动词；补出的助动词与前面不一致；more…in stead of…/as opposed
to…等形式。
A of B that 结构中 that 后面谓语动词的单复数形式根据逻辑意思来判定
(A) 正确，that引导宾语从句，比较结构为more closely related to … than to…。
(B) more…as… 搭配错误，应该是more… than…。
(C) 宾语从句缺少引导词that； show sth to be… 变宾语从句为名词+修饰词结构错误；they are在这
种没有歧义存在的情况下可以省略，使句子更简洁。
(D) 宾语从句缺少引导词that；more…as… 搭配错误，应该是more… than…；show sth as being…
表达方式错误；they are在这种没有歧义存在的情况下可以省略，使句子更简洁。
(E) 宾语从句缺少引导词that；show sth as…表达方式错误。
124. (31091-!-item-!-188;#058&004372)
Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in many parts
of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water
pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may accelerate soil structure
deterioration and soil erosion.
(A) an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and
their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
(B) an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems like water pollution, and if
substituted for more traditional fertilizers, it
(C) if these fertilizers are used increasingly, they can create serious environmental problems such
as water pollution, and if used as substitutions for more traditional fertilizers, they
(D) the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems such as
water pollution, while if substituted for more traditional fertilizers, this substitution
(E) the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems like water
pollution, while their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
句子结构：Wherease…, an increase in their use can create…, and their substitution may…
考点：习惯用语、指代一致、逻辑表达
习惯用语-such as，表示举例时用 such as，而不是用 like。
指代一致，句中出现 it 或 they 时要注意其的代对象是否明确单一，并且符合逻辑意思及原句要表达
的意思。
逻辑表达，不同的连词通常表达不同的含义，原句所使用的连词如果没有逻辑意思上的错误，尽量保
留，以维持原句意思不变。
(A) 正确，such as用以举例；and连接并列的句子。
(B) 用like举例错误，应该用such as；it指代对象不清楚。
(C) 第一个they指代fertilizers作creat serious environmental problems的主语不符合逻辑及原句要表
达的意思，应该是fertilizers的增长引起环境问题，而不是fertilizers本身；第二个they指代对象不清楚。
(D) if substituted…, this substitution…的表达方式啰嗦不简洁；while表达了转折的含义，而原句中由
and连接并列的句子，并没有此含义。
(E) 用like举例错误，应该用such as；while表达了转折的含义，而原句中由and连接并列的句子，并
没有此含义。
125. (31137-!-item-!-188;#058&004397)
The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it was
profitable only overseas, where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while
continuing to lose money in North America.
(A) where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while continuing
(B) where much of their profits went to pay higher taxes, as they continued
(C) where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it continued
(D) with much of their profits going to pay higher taxes, while continuing
(E) with much of the profit used for paying higher taxes, as it continued
句子结构：The computer company registered…, because…, while…
主语是computer company，谓语是registered，宾语是net loss，后跟原因状语从句，关系副词where
引导定语从句作插入语修饰名词overseas，while it continued…表示转折对比含义。
考点：动词形式、指代一致、逻辑表达
动词形式-现在进行时，有些动词（表示状态或感觉的词，或者表示极短暂的动作）一般不用现在进
行时，比如：declare, recognize 等，continue 是表示状态的动词，不用现在进行时态。
指代一致，单数名词对应单数代词 it, its，在该题中，注意未划线部分句子的提示，已经有单数代词
it。
逻辑表达，while 作连词，表达“而，然而”的意思，对比两件事情；as 作连词，表达“当…时，随着”
的意思，改变了原句意思，原句的连词不应随意变换。
(A) their指代单数名词company错误；表示状态的动词continue不能用现在进行时态；be used for
paying名词形式不如动词形式更简洁有效。
(B) their和they指代单数名词company错误；as作连词表示“当…时，随着”，改变了原句要表达“然而”
的转折对比含义。
(C) 正确，关系副词where引导定语从句修饰名词overseas，went to pay…清楚地表达了profit的用途，
while it continued表达了转折对比关系。
(D) with… +现在分词结构不能清楚地表达与overseas的关系；表示状态的动词continue不能用现在进
行时态。
(E) with…+过去分词结构不能清楚地表达与overseas的关系；as作连词表示“当…时，随着”，改变了
原句要表达“然而”的转折对比含义；be used for paying名词形式不如动词形式更简洁有效。
126. (31183-!-item-!-188;#058&004404)
The agreement, the first to formally require industrialized countries to cut emissions of gases linked
to global warming, is a formal protocol by which 38 industrialized countries must reduce emissions
of these gases by 2012 or face heavy penalties.
(A) by which
(B) for which
(C) under which
(D) such that
(E) wherein
句子结构：The agreement, …, is a formal protocol under which…
主语是agreement，系动词是is，表语是protocol，the first…是主语agreement的同位语，which引导
定语从句修饰名词protocol。
考点：习惯用语、句子结构
习惯用语-介词 under，表示“协议、法律或制度”的名词常与介词 under 连用，under 在这种情况下的
意思是 according to“根据，按照”。
句子结构，介词+which 后接完整句子的用法。
(A) 介词by错误。
(B) 介词for错误。
(C) 正确，which…指代前句宾语protocol。
(D) such that用法错误，而且that只连接句子，失去了从句对主语宾语protocol的修饰关系。
(E) wherein是副词、连词或代词，不能作介词。
补充说明：which的三种用法
SVO，which VO（which 后接不完整句子，which 在从句中作名词性成分，指代前句宾语）；
SVO prep. + which VO（介词+which 后接完整句子，prep.+which 作宾语补足语，which 指代前句宾
语）；
SVO，some/%/数字[百分比结构] + of which VO（which 后接不完整句子，百分比结构+which 作名
词性成分，which 指代前句宾语）。
注意：看到 prep. + which 的选项，指 prep. + which 指代的名词性成分放在从句末理解，看句意是否
流畅。
127. (31278-!-item-!-188;#058&004418)
After decreasing steadily in the mid-1990's, the percentage of students in the United States
finishing high school or having earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the
decade, up to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 84.8 percent in 1998.
(A) finishing high school or having earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of
the decade, up to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and
(B) finishing high school or earning equivalency diplomas, increasing in the last three years of the
decade, rising to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and from
(C) having finished high school or earning an equivalency diploma increased in the last three years
of the decade, and rose to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and from
(D) who either finished high school or they earned an equivalency diploma, increasing in the last
three years of the decade, rose to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and
(E) who finished high school or earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the
decade, to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and
句子结构：After decreasing…, the percentage… increased…, to… from…
主语是the percentage，谓语是increased，宾语是介词结构to… from…。who引导定语从句修饰名词
students。
考点：动词形式、句子结构、习惯用语、逻辑表达、简洁有效
动词形式-现在进行时，有些动词（表示状态或感觉的词，或者表示极短暂的动作）一般不用现在进
行时，比如：declare, recognize 等，finish 是表示极短暂动作的动词，不用现在进行时态；表达
并列意思的谓语最好用一致的时态，除非有特别的时间标志。
句子结构，当句子中有现在分词结构时，注意是否该分词应该是原句的谓语。
习惯用语-介词，increase to 是固定搭配，increase up to 是错误的，up 多余，应该去掉。
逻辑表达，现在分词结构在句尾可作定语修饰紧临的名词，也可作状语修饰整个句子，所以在这种情
况下需要特别注意，通常优先作定语修饰名词，如果不符合逻辑，则是作状语修饰句子，如果二
者都能理解符合逻辑，则说明该分词结构有修饰歧义。
简洁有效-语意重复，rise 与 increase 表达了相同的意思，只需要一个词即可，避免语意上的重复。
(A) 表示极短暂动作的动词finish不用进行时态，故现在分词结构应该改为从句形式作定语；现在完成
时having earned与前面的时态不一致；increase to是固定搭配，up多余，应该去掉。
(B) 表示极短暂动作的动词finish不用进行时态，故现在分词结构应该改为从句形式作定语；整个句子
缺少谓语；finishing…, increasing…, rising…有并列的嫌疑，而且rise与increase语意重复。
(C) 现在完成时having finished与后面的时态不一致；rise与increase语意重复。
(D) either… or…连接的对象不对称，而且表达的意思也与原句有所不同；现在分词结构increasing有
作定语就近修饰diplomas的歧义，increase应该是句子的谓语；rise与increase语意重复。
(E) 正确，who引导定语从句，修饰名词students，并列谓语finished or earned。
128. (31324-!-item-!-188;#058&004419)
According to a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, aspirin prevents blood
clots just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug does.
(A) prevents blood clots just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug
does
(B) prevents blood clots just as well as does a commonly used and a more expensive
blood-thinning drug
(C) prevents blood clots just as well as will a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning
drug
(D) works just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug at the
prevention of blood clots
(E) works just as well as does a commonly used blood-thinning drug, which is also more expensive,
at preventing blood clots
句子结构：According to…, aspirin prevents blood clots as well as… blood-thinning drug does.
主语是aspirin，谓语是prevents，宾语是blood clots，后跟… as + adj. +as… 比较结构。
考点：比较、简洁有效
比较，对主谓宾结构的句型主语比较，需要补出助动词，注意助动词的形式、单复数及时态。
简洁有效，修饰名词以形容词最为简洁，尽量保持原句的修饰方式，由名词改为定语从句使得句子啰
嗦。
(A) 正确，aspirin与blood-thinning drug在prevent blood clots上的比较，does指代prevents，补出以
避免歧义。
(B) a commonly used and a more expensive中的第二个冠词a多余，使得句意变化，成为两种drug。
(C) 助动词will应该为does，因为原句用的一般现在时prevents则不是将来时态。
(D) works at prevention of…的表达方式啰嗦；缺少助动词does。
(E) works at preventing…的表达方式啰嗦；which引导定语从句修饰drug啰嗦，不如直接用形容词作
定语。
补充说明：比较-主语比较
1、对主谓宾全的句型主语比较：A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可
以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）。时态要据后定。There be 句型等同
于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型。
主语若相同，可省，但助动词不能省。如：
As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, [fewer people] will enter the labor force [in the
1980’s] than (few people省略)did [in the 1960’s and 1970’s], a twenty-year period during which
people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers.
2、对只有主谓（如果主语有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代），没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，
只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别 I eat apple faster than you do 如果写成 I eat apple faster
than you 按GMAC的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
3、主系表结构的比较与主谓结构相同。如果时态不一致，则需补出助词，如：
The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago
129. (31370-!-item-!-188;#058&004475)
In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to
archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through
her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.
(A) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of
(B) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
(C) Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
(D) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence
of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
(E) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence
of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
句子结构：In addition to…, Mary Leakey contributed to… through… and through…
主语是Mary Leakey，谓语是contributed，后跟介词宾语to archaeology，through引导两个并列的方
式状语。
注意：in addition to A, B …，A和B不一定是同一类事物。
考点：平行对称、简洁有效
平行对称-介词短语，并列的介词短语作方式状语形式要对称，介词通常不可以省略。
简洁有效，动词形式比名词形式更简洁有效地表达原句意思。
(A) 正确，through… and through…平行。
(B) 介词结构by her discovery of…与and后面的现在分词结构painstakingly documenting不平行。
(C) 介词+现在分词结构by discovering与and后面的with+名词结构with her painstaking
documentation不平行；be a contributor改变原句意思。
(D) 名词her discovery与and后面的现在分词结构painstakingly documenting不平行；名词’s
contributions形式不如动词更能表达原句意思。
(E) 动名词her discovering与and后面的名词形式painstaking documentation不平行；名词’s
contributions形式不如动词更能表达原句意思。
130. (31416-!-item-!-188;#058&004490)
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around
the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
(A) while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,
having
(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time, and
have
(D) but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
(E) but at the same time introduce some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
句子结构：Industrialization and modern methods… have improved… while introducing…
主语是Industrialization and modern methods，谓语是have improved，宾语是the standard，后跟时
间状语从句while + 现在分词，that引导定语从句修饰名词pollutants。
考点：指代一致、句子结构
指代一致，相同的代词在同一句子中指代对象必须一致，所以当出现两个选项一个有代词，一个没有
代词，需要比较代词是否有指代错误或重复。
句子结构
1） while + 现在分词表达时间状语的方式；
2） 出现 and 连接并列结构时要注意其语法上的并列对象与逻辑意思是否相符。
(A) 整个句子中的两个代词they指代对象不一致，划线部分they没有指代对象，未划线部分的they指
代的是pollutants；having gone…分词结构有作伴随状语修饰have introduced的歧义，而不是作
pollutants的定语。
(B) 正确，while + 现在分词结构表示“与…同时”的含义；that引导定语从句修饰紧临的名词pollutants。
(C) 整个句子中的两个代词they指代对象不一致，原因与A选项相同；and have gone…在语法上应该
与主语谓语have improved并列，但在逻辑上应该是指pollutants，这种用法是错误的。
(D) but + 现在分词的用法错，而且but表达的是转折含义，原句并无此含义。
(E) but表达了与原句不同的转折含义，having gone…分词结构有作伴随状语修饰have introduced的
歧义，而不是作pollutants的定语。
补充说明：while的特殊用法
In writing, people often use a non-finite clause beginning with while. For example, instead of writing
“I often knit while I am watching TV.”, they write “I often knit while watching TV.”
连词 while 引导时间状语从句，有时可有成分省略（通常是在从句与主句的主语相同时，也可以说连
词引起一个单词或短语，如跟形容词、介词短语或现在分词等）。
而 but 是没有这种用法的。再者，but 表示转折含义。
131. (31462-!-item-!-188;#058&004501)
The particular design of muscles and bones in the neck and limbs of the turtle allow that it can draw
in its exposed parts such that an attacker can find nothing but hard shell to bite.
(A) allow that it can draw in its exposed parts such that
(B) allow it to draw in its exposed parts, and so
(C) allows for it to draw in its exposed parts and that
(D) allows that it can draw in its exposed parts, and so
(E) allows it to draw in its exposed parts, so that
句子结构：The design of… allows it to…, so that…
主语是design，谓语是allows，宾语是it，后跟介词to draw…作补语，连词so that引导结果目的从句。
考点：主谓一致、平行对称、习惯用语、简洁有效
主谓一致，当句子主语比较复杂时，注意其真正的主语核心词单复数。
平行对称，句子中有 and 时，要特别注意其前后的结构是否合理地对称，and that 是并列的从句，要
留意找前面是否有 that 从句，并且注意是否在逻辑意思上能并列。
习惯用语-so that，so that+从句表达目的，such that 强调程度，二者含义不同。
简洁有效，主从句相连只需要一个连词，注意区分连词与副词。
(A) allow应该用第三人称形式；such that所表达的是强调含义，与so that表达目的的含义不同。
(B) allow应该用第三人称形式；and与so都是连词，重复。
(C) and that没有并列对象；for多余，固定搭配是allow sb to do sth。
(D) and与so都是连词，重复；allows that it can draw的表达方式不及allow to do简洁。
(E) 正确，allows与单数主语design一致，so that引导目的状语从句。
132. (31556-!-item-!-188;#058&004545)
A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay
than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.
(A) that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a
ratio of 42 times
(B) that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that
compares to 42 times
(C) that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42
times their pay, the ratio
(D) CEO's who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to
42 times their pay, the ratio
(E) CEO's now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the
ratio of 42 times
句子结构：A recent review… indicates that…, CEO’S earn…, as compared to…
主语是review，谓语是indicates，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明indicate的内容，宾语从句的主语是
CEO’s，谓语是earn，宾语是419 times the pay of blue-collar workers，后跟比较结构as compared
to…，the ratio是42 times their pay的同位语。
CEO’s 是 CEO 的复数形式，以缩写字母组成的专有名词的复数形式可以是加’s 或加 s。
考点：比较、句子结构
比较-compare/contrast 的用法，(as) compared to/with（GMAT 没有区分 to 和 with 的区别），省略
了主语和系动词，即 A be compared with/to B，与 in contrast to 都是惯用法，前后比较对象一定
要对等。常见的错误用法有：将 compare 用作主动(when compare…; comparing…)，比较对象
不对等。
句子结构-宾语从句，正式书面语中，宾语从句的引导词 that 不能省略。
(A) compared to的比较对象不对象，前者419 times the pay of blue-collar workers表达的是工资数，
而后者a ratio of是比率。
(B) a ratio that compares的compare不能用主动方式表达，应该是被比较sth be compared to…的省
略形式（省略了主语和系动词，是惯用法）；compare to的比较对象不对象，前者419 times the pay of
blue-collar workers表达的是工资数，而后者42 times是比率。
(C) 正确，as compared to比较结构，419 times the pay与42 times their pay比较，the ratio…是同位
语。
(D) 缺少that引导宾语从句；indicates CEO’s who…句子结构不完整，缺少谓语，who引导定语从句
修饰名词CEO’s。
(E) 缺少that引导宾语从句；indicates CEO’s earning…句子结构不完整，缺少谓语；compare to的
比较对象不对象，前者419 times the pay of blue-collar workers表达的是工资数，而后者42 times是
比率。
133. (31602-!-item-!-188;#058&004586)
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them
as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
(A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
(B) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
句子结构：…, astronomers have detected… planets, … as large as Jupiter, circling…
主语是astronomers，谓语是have detected，宾语是planets，后跟比较结构插入语，现在分词circling
作后置定语修饰planets。
考点：比较、平行对称
比较，A as… as… or adj.er than B; A at least as adj.er as B。常见的错误用法包括：A as… or adj.er
than B（少 as）; as…as compared to; as… than compared to; as… than 等。
平行对称，注意连词 and 的前后是否有合理且符合原句意思的平行对象。
(A) 缺少第二个as，as…as…是完整结构。
(B) 缺少第二个as，as…as…是完整结构；and circling没有并列对象。
(C) 正确，them指代planets，现在分词circling作后置定语修饰planets，前面most of them…是插入
语，不影响定语修饰。
(D) mostly是副词，修饰错误。
(E) mostly是副词，修饰错误；缺少第二个as，as…as…是完整结构。
134. (31696-!-item-!-188;#058&004702)
Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in
lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see
more patients, and spend less time with each.
(A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spend
(B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spending
(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend
(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients,
spending
(E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and
spending
句子结构：…, union members are less likely than… to be enrolled in… plans that…
That引导定语从句修饰名词plans。
考点：平行对称
平行对称，当句中有三个以上结构平行时，要注意逻辑意思是否合理，是否其中两个平行，第三个做
插入语或伴随、目的状语。
(A) and spend没有平行的对象。
(B) and spending和前面逻辑不平行，spending…应该是作see的伴随状语。
(C) and spend和前面逻辑不平行。
(D) 正确，that引导定语从句修饰紧临的名词plans，说明plans的内容，impose and require是定语从
句的并列谓语，现在分词spending作see的伴随状语。
(E) requiring和spending逻辑不平行。
135. (31742-!-item-!-188;#058&004710)
At one time, the majestic American chestnut was so prevalent that it was said a squirrel could jump
from tree to tree without once touching the ground between New York State and Georgia.
(A) so prevalent that it was said a squirrel could
(B) so prevalent that a squirrel was said that it could
(C) so prevalent for a squirrel to be said to be able to
(D) prevalent enough that it was said a squirrel could
(E) prevalent enough for a squirrel to be said to be able to
句子结构：…, the chestnut was so prevalent that it was said a squirrel could jump…
主语是the chestnut，系动词was，表语prevalent，so… that…结构。
考点：习惯用语、逻辑表达
习惯用语-so that，注意 so… that…的固定搭配，常见的错误选项是将 enough 与 that 搭配。
逻辑表达，主动语态能表达比被动语态更准确的含义。
(A) 正确，that后跟从句表示结果；it was said…中的it是形式主语。
(B) a squirrel was said that…被动语态的表达不如主动更明确。
(C) to be said to被动语态的表达不如主动更明确；so… to be的搭配错误。
(D) enough that搭配错误。
(E) enough to do所表达的含义与原句的so that不同；to be said to被动语态的表达不如主动更明确。
136. (32028-!-item-!-188;#058&005735)
It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary
nebulas, may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other at close range.
(A) may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other
(B) may be caused by the interaction between two stars that each orbit the other
(C) are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit each other
(D) are caused by the interaction of two stars where each is orbiting the other
(E) are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other
句子结构：It seems likely that … phenomena, …, are caused by the interaction of…
It作形式主语，that从句的主语是phenomena，谓语是are caused，现在分词orbiting作后置定语修饰
名词stars。
考点：简洁有效
简洁有效
1） 语意重复，may 与 likely 所表达的都有“可能的”含义，不能同时使用。
2） because of…的表达不及动词形式 cause 更有效。
(A) may与likely语意重复；此处不应该用关系代词where，因为没有明确表示地点。
(B) may与likely语意重复；each…the other搭配错误。
(C) be because of sth不及动词形式be caused by更有效；each…the other搭配错误；where用法错，
原因与A选项相同。
(D) where用法错，原因与A选项相同；each…the other搭配错误。
(E) 正确，be caused by简洁有效地表达原因，现在分词orbiting…作后置定语修饰名词stars。
137. (32170-!-item-!-188;#058&006029)
The Swedish warship Vasa, sunk in 1628 and raised in 1961, was preserved in the cold water of
Stockholm harbor, where low salinity inhibits the growth of marine borers that in most seas devour
every exposed scrap of a sunken ship's wooden hull.
(A) was preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor, where low salinity inhibits
(B) being preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor, because the low salinity there is able to
inhibit
(C) and preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor, the low salinity there inhibits
(D) having been preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor, whose low salinity inhibits
(E) had been preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor, because of low salinity there
inhibiting
句子结构：The warship Vasa, …, was preserved in … harbor, where…
主语是the warship Vasa，并列的现在分词结构sunk in… and raised in…作定语修饰主语，谓语是was
preserved，后跟介词宾语，where引导定语从句修饰名词harbor。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达、动词形式
句子结构，当动词在选项中以谓语形式和分词修饰语成分同时出现时，要特别注意分词结构的句子中
是否有主句谓语。
逻辑表达，修饰成分并列时，中间需要有连词连接，否则会使修饰对象不清楚或产生歧义。
动词形式-过去完成时，没有明显的时间标志或逻辑关系提示，尽量保持原句时态。
(A) 正确，was preserved是整个句子的谓语，where引导定语从句修饰名词harbor。
(B) 整个句子缺少谓语；现在分词结构being preserved…修饰对象不清楚；is able to inhibit与表句
inhibit表达的意思有所不同，尽量保持原句时态及用法。
(C) and preserved…与sunk and raised逻辑上不平行；整个句子出现两个主语the Swedish warship
Vasa与the low salinity。
(D) 整个句子缺少谓语；whose通常指代人或事，Stockholm harbor是地点，用关系代词where最恰
当。
(E) 没有时间标志说明需要用过去完成时；because of… inhibiting的表达方式不正确，而且原句也没
有表达因果关系。
138. (32216-!-item-!-188;#058&006031)
According to scientists at the University of Alaska, while the surface temperature of the globe has
risen over the last century by about one degree Fahrenheit, the surface temperature in Alaska,
Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased in the previous thirty years by about five degrees.
(A) the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased in the
previous thirty years by about five degrees
(B) the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased over the
last thirty years by about five degrees
(C) there was an increase in the last thirty years by about five degrees in Alaska, Siberia, and
northwestern Canada
(D) it had increased in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada by about five degrees over the
previous thirty years
(E) it has increased in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada over the previous thirty years by
about five degrees
句子结构：According to…, while the surface temperature… has risen…, the surface temperature…
has increased…
While引导状语从句，其主语是temperature，主句主语是temperature in…，谓语是has increased。
考点：动词时态、平行对称、指代一致
动词时态，over + 数字 + years，用过去完成时态。
平行对称，原句如果是主从句或并列句并且表达的意思平行，在形式上也尽量保持对称。
指代一致，单数代词 it 在句中指代出现过的名词，要注意逻辑意思是否合理。
(A) in the previous thirty years应该用一般过去时态，与未划线部分的over the last century也不平行。
(B) 正确，the surface temperature in…与前面的the temperature of the globe对称，has increased
与has risen对称，over the last thirty years与over the last century对称。
(C) there was an increase的表达方式不及动词形式更有效，该句也没有说明increase的发出者，即
temperature。
(D) it指代temperature of the globe逻辑上不合理，原句是将两个不同temperature进行对比，不能用it
指代；过去完成时态错误。
(E) it指代temperature of the globe逻辑上不合理，原因同D选项。
139. (32262-!-item-!-188;#058&006043)
On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow,
as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
(A) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees
grow
(B) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree
growth
(C) On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot
cycles
(D) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
(E) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees
grow
句子结构：Among… is believed to be…
倒装结构，主语是the rate，由which引导定语从句修饰。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达、主谓一致
句子结构-倒装，介词短语作表语提到句首，整个句子使用倒装结构。
逻辑表达，状语的位置要合理，结合句意看是否符合逻辑。
主谓一致，倒装结构的句子主语不太明显，要找对主语，并注意其单复数。
(A) among倒装，主语应该是the rate，所以应该用单数is。
(B) among倒装，主语应该是the rate，所以应该用单数is；tree应该用复数，使未划线部分的their有
一致的指代对象。
(C) on earth 放置句首修饰整个句子，不符合逻辑；their 的指代存在歧义，离它最近的是 sunspot
cycles，未划线部分的 as seen 应该要紧跟其修饰的名词。
(D) tree应该用复数，使未划线部分的their有一致的指代对象；谓语结构不完整，应该用is believed
被动语态。
(E) 正确，on Earth修饰indications，主语是the rate，谓语动词用单数is。
140. (32308-!-item-!-188;#058&006094)
In human hearing, subtle differences in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener
determine the qualities of that sound.
(A) in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener determine
(B) in the two ears hearing a given sound help the listener in determining
(C) in how a sound is heard by the two ears helps the listener determine
(D) between how the two ears hear a given sound helps the listener in determining
(E) between how a sound is heard by the two ears help the listener in determining
句子结构：…, … differences in… help the listener determine…
主语是differences，谓语是help，双宾语分别是listener和determine。
考点：习惯用语、主谓一致
习惯用语，help to do sth/be helpful in doing sth；difference in/between 的区别。
主谓一致，主语有从句或复杂的修饰成分时，要注意辨别其单复数形式。
(A) 正确，difference in sth，help sb do sth。
(B) in the two ears hearing … 去掉how改变原文要表达的含义；help in doing用法错误。
(C) 被动语态的表达没有必要；helps应该是help，因为其主语是复数differences。
(D) between应该是用于表达“二者之间”的含义，用于此处不正确；helps应该是help。
(E) between应该是用于表达“二者之间”的含义，用于此处不正确；被动语态的表达没有必要。
