题目材料
The term "episodic memory" was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity-the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind-as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what," "where," and "when" information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton's experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton's birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term "episodic-like" memory.
In order for Clayton`s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?
- ASome of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
- BAll the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
- CThe peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
- DWhen a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
- EThroughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
显示答案
正确答案: E