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Ready4	<p>One of the most asked questions has always been: How was the universe created? Many once believed that the universe had no beginning or end and was truly infinite. With the advent of the Big Bang theory, however , no longer could the universe be confidently considered infinite. The universe was forced to take on the properties of a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning. However, over the decades, there have been multiple interpretations of the Big Bang. In the standard interpretation of the Big Bang, which took shape in the 1960s, the formative event was not an explosion that occurred at some point in space and time — it was an explosion of space and time. In this view, time did not exist beforehand. Even for many researchers in the field, this was a bitter pill to swallow. It is hard to imagine time just starting: How does a universe decide when it is time to pop into existence? p><p>In 2004 Sean Carroll and a graduate student of his, Jennifer Chen, came up with a much different answer to the problem of "before." In his view time's arrow, or time`s flow in only one direction, and time's beginning cannot be treated separately and are in fact cyclical: There is no way to address what came before the Big Bang until we understand why the before precedes the after. “Our universe has been evolving for 13 billion years,” Carroll says, “so it clearly did not start in equilibrium.” Rather, all the matter, energy, space, and even time in the universe must have started in a state of extraordinarily low entropy. That is the only way we could begin with a Big Bang and end up with the wonderfully diverse cosmos of today. Understand how that happened, Carroll argues, and you will understand the bigger process that brought our universe into being. In Carroll and Chen's theory, fluctuations in the dark-energy background trigger a crop of pocket universes from empty space which eventually go back to becoming empty spaces. p><p>Yet another theory is put forth by rebel physicist Julian Barbour. According to Barbour in his 1999 book "The End of All Time," all possible configurations of the universe, every possible location of every atom, exist simultaneously. There is no past moment that flows into a future moment; the question of what came before the Big Bang never arises because Barbour's cosmology has no time. The Big Bang is not an event in the distant past; it is just one special place in a vast universe.p>
Ready4	<p class="ng-scope"> A wide variety of weather phenomena (heat and cold waves, winter storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, and flooding) display more-or-less consistent patterns of frequency and severity—but such patterns have been increasingly inconsistent during recent decades. Though natural variability plays a role in determining the course of weather systems, there is evidence that modern trends observed by scientists are driven by a unified causal factor. Isolating that causal factor, however, has proved remarkably difficult, despite substantial climatological research. The types of evidence analysis that normally yield understandings of broader climate phenomena, like glacial core sampling or the observation of tree rings, have been tricky to apply in analyzing more complex relationships between individual weather events. Moreover, climate scientists and meteorologists have to distinguish weather anomalies from weather events representative of relevant trends. To summarize, available information indicates that the effects of anthropogenic climate change, though significant, are difficult to disentangle from the welter of other variables that interact with weather phenomena.p> <p class="ng-scope"> Nonetheless, detailed research indicates that the primary causal factor behind weather trends may be anthropogenic climate change. Recent decades have seen increases in the number of days yearly that reached record high temperatures and decreases in the number of days yearly that reached record lows, but instances of record-breaking winter precipitation (snow) have increased as temperatures have risen. This information was once seen as contradicting established models of climate change, but scientists have explained it through a new hypothesis that accounts for the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. Warm periods of increased duration are postulated to cause increased winter precipitation if, evaporating vast quantities of water into the air, they dry some areas while weather systems bring the evaporated moisture to others. Once the moisture reaches colder climates, it condenses, and falls back to earth as rain or snow. As more regions become warmer for longer periods, the amount of airborne water increases, as do instances of extreme rain and snow. Thus, seemingly minor changes in global temperature can have significant effects on the frequency and severity of weather phenomena in every season and environment.p> <p class="ng-scope"> What most recommends this theory is its ultimate simplicity. Though it may seem that droughts in some areas are unrelated to periods of increased precipitation in others, climate change is responsible for an environmental continuum that produces both. Increasing temperatures worldwide is the one cause that can explain all of these disparate phenomena.p>
Ready4	<p class="ng-scope">While the wait continues for a decision in the long-running Google Book Search (GBS) lawsuit and settlement proposal, a new study throws cold water on the idea that Google Book Search is bad for the publishing industry. The study suggests that Google's scanning and digital previews of books may be helping publishers sell more books. The study, published last month by Hannibal Travis, an Associate Law Professor at the Florida International University College of Law, examines the revenues and operating incomes of U.S. publishers that claim they will be most affected by the settlement and “finds no evidence of a negative impact upon them." The study has found no support for an imminent monopoly by Google over books. Publishers of printed books continue to increase their sales and profits. Their rate of sales growth has increased since the scanning of books into GBS by Google. Book sales are growing faster than retail sales or the economy as a whole. These findings suggest that the benefits of digital libraries to American students and persons of limited disposable income, in terms of accessibility of information about and inside books, need not be sacrificed to save publishers from “Napsterization” and the loss of their customers. Moreover, the potential gains in economic efficiency, freedom of expression, and global democratization represented by digital libraries like GBS are more likely to outweigh any damage done by GBS to publishers.p><p class="ng-scope">Yet there are also many ways these studies underestimate the magnitude of the publishing industry`s hardship. Even assuming that digitization inherently is not bad for the industry, reliance on technology can cause several immediate and future complications. Though there are no immediate technical problems, forms of media and file types change frequently. One would be hard-pressed to find a way to play an 8-track cassette or Betamax videotape today, and likewise digitization software designed for earlier operating systems is often rendered inoperable in just a few years. Differences in display hardware will also contribute to altered perceptions of the reader. Digital copying also creates a host of legal implications under the U.S. Copyright Act. p><p class="ng-scope">As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether the publishing industry will suffer seriously as a result of mass digitization of books and, hence, whether the GBS should be supported or stemmed. There is only one area of agreement in this debate — that the existing research and studies are inadequate for measuring the impact of digitization on the publishing industry.p>
Ready4	<p>p><p>The inside of a rectangular carton is $45$ centimeters long, $30$ centimeters wide, and $10$ centimeters high. The carton is filled to capacity with $m$ identical cylindrical cans of vegetables that stand upright in rows and columns, as indicated in the figure above. If the cans are $10$ centimeters high, what is the value of $m$ ?p> <p>(1) Each of the cans has a volume of $62.5\pi$ cubic centimeters.p> <p>(2) The area of the base of the rectangular carton is $1{,}350$ square centimeters.p>
Ready4	<p>Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. All around him, Blake saw tendencies to attempt to restrict human capacity and the freedom of the imagination, all of which strengthened his commitment to man`s basic right to social, political, religious and sexual equality. Along with the Romantic poets, Blake sought out a spiritual truth, a truth that could only be achieved by the use of feelings and the imagination. He believed that man originated from a spiritual realm, and was born as a free spirit, but that as a result of the deeply negative influence from the earth itself, man became trapped in the confines of his physical body and the five senses, which limited his capacity for perception. The only way to be freed from this confinement was by what he called "Imagination," the capacity to apprehend realities beyond the prison of the physical world. p><p>When considering the totality of Blake`s work, it has been suggested that he worked on two levels; a commercial or worldly level, and a spiritual level. On the one hand he worked as a commercial engraver, undertaking engraving and printing jobs for his customers. On the other hand he produced his personal, spiritual work, and it was this part of Blake`s work that inspired his development of illuminated printing and prophetic books, written "so that the spirits could see them." The poems in Blake`s Prophetic Books were exciting texts of a mystical nature, and very few people could understand them, not even Blake`s closest friends. Today they are considered to be masterpieces, expressing Blake`s belief in a spiritual world and his hope that man can overcome all limitations by means of the spirit within himself. p><p>Blake was above all a great religious thinker who used both art and words to express mental and spiritual truths that had been forgotten by an increasingly materialistic society. Blake`s great achievement was to uphold the image of the spiritual man in a world dominated by material forces. This he was able to do because he felt himself part of a vast spiritual world, a world that had been revealed to him in his visions. Some regarded him as not clearly in his right mind, but others were convinced that what he saw was true. It is a question of what kind of world you believed in. And to Blake, reality was spirituality.p>
Ready4	<p>With globalization, "sustainable development" is concerned not only with economic development but also with the development and resolution of social and environmental problems. Despite different interpretations, the number of companies in the world that are realizing the economic benefits of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) policies has been on the rise in the past decade. CSR commitments go beyond the desire for higher profit and show that businesses are fully aware of their responsibilities to employees, customers, community and the environment. Many companies use CSR as a new business approach when they realize that it can help enhance the role of managers, improve financial situations, strengthen the motivation of staff, inspire customer loyalty, and bolster corporate reputation in society. p><p>The challenges facing world companies from the application of CSR are clear. The CSR awareness of a company may be considered an index proportional to the success of that company on the path of development. Multinational corporations or powerful companies apply a set of rules outlining responsibilities or proper practices (called a code of conduct or code of ethics) and standards like SA8000, WRAP, ISO 14000 and GRI, and regard them as their commitments to the world. Titans are paying highly for an ideal business model with a highly competitive system, sustainable development and more social responsibility. For example, Best Buy — the international retailer of consumer electronics and entertainment software — is famous for applying a product recycling program. Starbucks has shared hands in many community activities. The world's largest Internet search provider, Google, treats its employees as "gold." In addition to guaranteeing the quality of life of employees, protecting the environment, and developing products that benefit both consumers and the environment, companies also set up funds and donate to charity to contribute to the development of the society and community. Oil group Royal Dutch Shell established charity foundations, including the Early Learning Centre in South Africa to educate children and teach skills for adults. The World Bank (WB) and pharmaceutical company Merck launched an initiative to develop a $50 million foundation that includes donating Mectizan products to help 28 African countries cure diseases. Billionaires like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett and their companies' foundations contribute significantly to the eradication of disease through their donations. p><p>In developed countries, social responsibility expenses used for research and development are more than those for charity purposes although philanthropic money is not insignificant. In conclusion, corporate social responsibility is playing an increasingly important role in fostering sustainable practices and economic development as well as the observance of laws and ethics throughout the world.p>
OG12 OG15 OG16 OG17 OG18 OG19 OG20 OG2022	On the number line above, p, q, r, s, and t are five consecutive even integers in increasing order. What is the average (arithmetic mean) of these five integers?(1)q + s = 24(2)The average (arithmetic mean) of q and r is 11.
OG16 OG17 OG18 OG19 OG20 OG2022	y = ax - 5y = x + 6y = 3x + bIn the xy-plane, the straight-line graphs of the three equations above each contain the point (p,r). If a and b are constants, what is the value of b?(1) a = 2(2) r = 17
181215	S = PRT/100. Where S is the income, P is the investment amount, R is the annual simple interest, and T is the investment period. When the principal is $y, what is the two-year return on investment? 1: When the principal is $1000, the profit of the one-year investment is $40. 2: y = 8000.
Ready4	<p style="text-align: center;">p><p>Is the triangle above a right triangle?p> <p>(1) In an $xy$ -plane, $<font color='#FE8080'>P</font>$ has coordinates $(-2,-3)$ .p> <p>(2) In an $xy$ -plane, $Q$ has coordinates $(4,-4)$ and $R$ has coordinates $(4,1)$ .p>
Ready4	<p>A passenger is planning a trip that involves three connecting trains that leave from Stations A, B, and C, respectively. The first train leaves Station A every hour, beginning at 6:30 a.m., and arrives at Station B $1\frac{1}{2}$ hours later. The second train leaves Station B every hour, beginning at 7:30 a.m., and arrives at Station C $2\frac{3}{4}$ hours later. The third train leaves Station C every 30 minutes, beginning at 9:00 a.m. What is the least total amount of time the passenger must spend waiting between trains if all trains keep to their schedules?p>
Ready4	<p>At a seminar, Workshops A, B, and C take place throughout the day. Workshop A takes place every hour, beginning at 8:00 a.m., and lasts $\frac{3}{4}$ hour. Workshop B takes place every $\frac{1}{2}$ hour, beginning at 8:30 a.m., and lasts 1 hour. Workshop C takes place every hour, beginning at 8:45 a.m., and lasts $1\frac{1}{2}$ hours. What is the least total amount of time a person planning to attend all 3 workshops, in order, must spend waiting between workshops if all workshops keep to their schedules?p>
Ready4	<p>A total of $10,000 was invested for one year. Part of this amount earned simple annual interest at the rate of x percent per year, and the rest earned simple annual interest at the rate of y percent per year. If the total interest earned by the $10,000 for that year was $285, what is the value of x?p> $x = \frac{12 y}{11}$ The ratio of the amount of interest earned at the rate of x percent per year to the amount of interest earned at the rate of y percent per year was 8 to 11.
Ready4	<p class="ng-scope"> By 2014, the economy of China had outpaced that of the United States in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). But what is “PPP”? Analysts define PPP as the amount of a given currency it takes to purchase goods or services—a meal or a cell phone, for example. One understanding of PPP presents it as an indicator of the relative economic strength of two or more countries. But outside economic circumstances like cost of living confound the use of PPP as a reliable indicator of economic strength. Thus, most analysts complement PPP through the use of a number of other related metrics.p> <p class="ng-scope"> Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a more traditional measure of economic strength: the sum of all final goods and services produced in a country during a given period of time. By this metric, the economy of the United States still out-produces that of China by a substantial margin. However, aside from the fact that it doesn't account for trends over a longer term, this measurement doesn't address the economic well-being of entities or individuals below a national scale, both important indicators of general economic health. It takes the wealth of a national economy and extrapolates that to represent the wealth of the people it comprises. Thus, the major corporations doing very well in the United States—technology producers, financiers, etc.—are grouped with workers, families, and organizations that have access to substantially less capital. That GDP obscures instances of stark income inequality which suggests that, although a useful measure of the productivity of a national economy, its uses are limited for anyone looking to do comprehensive wealth analysis.p>
Ready4	<p class="ng-scope" zoompage-fontsize="14"> In 1905 Max Weber published The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, one of the foundational texts of modern sociology and of economic sociology, in particular, and also one of the first to take an interpretive approach to human participation in social and economic systems. His treatise documents the approaches that peoples of various religious beliefs have taken to labor, leisure, wages, and the moral significance of worldly professions since the advent of the industrial revolution and the development of global capitalism. Weber's work theorizes that the development of novel economic systems is contingent on the Protestant, as opposed to the Catholic, conception of work as inherently virtuous (wherein labor is seen as a theological and an economic imperative).p> <p class="ng-scope" zoompage-fontsize="14"> Weber's work can be seen as an early criticism of Karl Marx's entirely materialistic conception of sociological progress, in that he suggests that religious conviction contributed to the development of economic systems and not the other way around. Moreover, Weber was admirably modest in his claims, acknowledging that his was not the definitive understanding of economic development. However, because of the ways social science has developed in the intervening century, Weber's work is more notable as a spur to further inquiry than as an enduring source of scientific truth. Additionally, Weber's thinking was hamstrung by the immaturity of sociological methodology in his time: statistical analysis, data collection, and mathematical economics were all in their theoretical infancy at the time of his writing. Given The Protestant Ethic's scientific obsolescence, it serves as an enduring example of how sociological analysis has changed since its inception and how it continues to do so.p>
Ready4	<p>p> <p>If AB is a diameter of the circle above, what is the area of the circle?p> $B D = 3$ $A C = \frac{2 \sqrt{3}}{3} B D$
OG18-数学分册	In the rectangular coordinate system shown above, points O, P, and Q represent the sites of three proposed housing developments. If a fire station can be built at any point in the coordinate system, at which point would it be equidistant from all three developments?
PREP07 Test 1	In the figure above, segments PQ and PR are each parallel to one of the rectangular coordinate axes. What is the sum of the coordinates of point P ?(1) The x-coordinate of point Q is -1.(2) The y-coordinate of point R is 1.
C13	<p class="ng-scope" zoompage-fontsize="14"> Finzer predicts that the possibilities for medical research could be expanded through a strategic deployment of the data-gathering and -analysis technologies now becoming available. Currently, huge amounts of data are already being generated for each patient—raising hopes for the possibility of highly personalized medicine—as well as by clinical studies and other methods that promise to allow comparison across populations. Although data storage and access present security and privacy concerns, Finzer points out that the benefits far outweigh the risks, which can be mitigated. Both local and internet-based storage solutions have been proposed for minimizing the possibility of patient data theft.p> <p class="ng-scope" zoompage-fontsize="14"> Finzer hopes not only that data will be gathered and stored but also that the medical community will recognize the need for more medically-trained data scientists to analyze the data. Often medical researchers simply employ a computer scientist with little medical knowledge to perform specific analysis-related tasks. Results produced using this method are likely to overlook important factors, correlations, or anomalies in the data. A closer collaboration between medical and data science, Finzer says, would allow researchers to fully exploit the possibilities the vast amounts of available data present by increasing understanding in the medical and data science fields of how data is organized and what it implies, respectively, allowing better collaboration on projects where the two are strongly intertwined. For example, computer modeling could speed or improve clinical trials of treatments in humans. The field of genetics also routinely employs computer models.p>
C13	<p class="ng-scope" zoompage-fontsize="14"> The general theory of relativity posits that major events in the universe, such as the creation of a black hole, create ripples in the space-time continuum, also known as gravitational waves, which were recently detected for the first time by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory (LIGO). Though the interferometer was invented in 1887, not until 2002 was one used in an attempt to detect gravitational waves. The instrument splits a laser beam so that the two resulting beams travel down perpendicular arms—perfectly identical tubes that are four kilometers long—then hit mirrors and return to their shared origin point. This allows the instrument to detect extremely minute changes in the lengths of the arms. In the absence of a gravitational wave, the wavelengths of the two beams match up perfectly. However, if something interferes with the beams' paths, their peaks and valleys no longer align, and the instrument registers the interference.p> <p class="ng-scope" zoompage-fontsize="14"> Gravitational waves cause space to shrink in one direction and expand in a perpendicular direction. If the interferometer is hit by a gravitational wave, one arm will grow and the other will shrink by normally imperceptible amounts, but the differing distances traveled by the laser beams are registered by the instrument. The LIGO actually consists of two interferometers, thousands of kilometers apart, which compare data in order to rule out localized vibrations and flickers. In September 2015 it detected its first gravitational wave, which was determined to have been generated by the collision of two black holes between one and two billion years ago. Another gravitational wave was detected in December 2015.p>