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Ready4

In a recent study published in Nature Neuroscience, a team of scientists, concluding that, since participants who took caffeine tablets in a memory test outperformed participants who took placebo tablets in that test, caffeine enhances short-term memory.

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More government action is necessary to maintain the affordability of higher education than subsidizing loans. It is true to say that as the costs of education rise, the necessity of government subsidized student loans increases, where the size of each loan is determined by the financial needs of a student, the price of a desired institution, and the student's likelihood to succeed in a college environment. However, subsidized loans are unsustainable unless a reasonable degree of educational “value” (an increase in income as a result of a bachelor's degree) is received by the student. The value necessary to repay the loans is difficult to ascertain when students vary wildly as to the costs of the institutions they attend, the financial circumstances of their families, and their chosen academic specializations. If the value of a student's education is ever less than the amount of money she was given through government loans, repayment drops sharply and the government is left with a lending deficit. Net government deficits (in this instance the relevant expense is money loaned to students) do not increase when more students apply to, attend, and graduate from institutions of higher learning. Indeed, government reaps the benefits of expanded education in the form of taxes collected from incomes increased as a result of college graduation—that is, value added by the attainment of a degree—but the value added by education is not increasing at the same rate as the costs of that education—students are being charged more and receiving fewer benefits.p> The necessity of introducing more stringent regulations on educational costs is obvious if one understands the benefits government enjoys from high rates of scholastic attainment. The prices colleges set for themselves are dictated not by the costs of operation, but by the prices students and the organizations supporting them are willing to pay. Once this high price of education is established, college administrations have little incentive to lower costs. Governments must circumscribe educational costs within reasonable bounds to ensure their subsidization programs remain effective. Governments must ensure that students procure substantial value from the educations they receive. And governments must make it so the individuals to whom they lend money will reliably pay it back at reasonable intervals.p>

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Felicia Durkhart's assertion that women in ancient Rome “enjoyed relatively equal standing” with ancient Roman men has served as a rallying point for feminist scholars eager to demonstrate that misconceptions about gender in history abound. For instance, Darla Moore's seminal 1981 essay “The Women Who Nurtured an Empire” showed that the ancient Romans might have recognized the necessity of women to the empire's continuance, but habitually treated them with contempt and abuse. More recently, however, feminist scholars have recognized that neither Durkhart's glib assessment of women's situation nor Moore's dour one adequately describes the dynamics of power and gender in ancient Rome. Several recent studies by these scholars give special attention to the ways in which women's rights and status changed over time, injecting much-needed nuance into the discussion.p> The criticism that Durkhart and Moore oversimplify matters is also leveraged against those works that examine women's status with little or no attempt to take into account the quality of evidence available. Since details of the lives of often-oppressed populations are notoriously difficult for historians to ascertain, any description of women's lives in ancient times should be tempered by some acknowledgment that what evidence does exist can only offer limited perspectives. John Evans, among others, attempts to remedy these errors by contextualizing each source used in its immediate setting, as well as describing the larger social and historical forces, from household traditions to wartime conventions and symbols, that his interpretations take into account. Evans is therefore able to integrate studies that have previously been siloed due to the methods and concerns of the subjects' usual scholars and allows the insights of feminist studies and political analysis to be brought to bear on one another, and moreover focuses on the changes to household dynamics and economies over years of war and imperial expansion. Evans does acknowledge that upper-class women's fortunes did, at least, improve as the empire enriched itself, but concludes that the average woman likely faced increasing economic uncertainty and violence in times of war, demonstrating that men's decisions in remote centers of power affected more than just their immediate subordinates.p>

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p>What is the value of $x+y$ in the figure above?p> (1) $w=70$ p> (2) $z=85$ p>

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Machines

M_{1}

and

M_{2}

purify air at different constant rates. Machine

M_{1}

, operating alone for 5 hours, purified the air within part of one floor of a building; then Machine

M_{2}

, operating alone for 4 hours, purified the air within the rest of the floor. How many hours would it have taken Machine

M_{1}

operating alone to purify the air in the entire floor?p>

$M_{2}$ purified one cubic foot of air per minute.
$M_{1}$ purified fifty percent more air in 5 hours than $M_{2}$ purified in 4 hours.

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The function $v$ is defined for each positive three-digit integer $m$ by $v(m) = 2^{a}5^{b}7^{c}$ where $a, b$ and $c$ are the hundreds, tens, and units digits of $m$ respectively. If $s$ and $t$ are three-digit positive integers such that $v (s) = 125\cdot v(t)$ , then what is the value of $s-t$ ?p>

Ready4

	$A$	$B$	$C$	$D$
$A$	0	81	$x$	$y$
$B$	81	0	58	43
$C$	$x$	58	0	25
$D$	$y$	43	25	0

The table above shows the distance, in miles, by the most direct route, between any two of the four cities $A, B, C$ and $D$ . For example, the distance between City $B$ and City $D$ is $43$ miles. What is the value of $x$ ?p> (1) By the most direct route, the distance between $A$ and $B$ is three times the distance between $A$ and $D$ .p> (2) By the most direct route, the distance between $B$ and $C$ is half the distance between $A$ and $C$ .p>

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	$A$	$B$	$C$	$D$	$E$
$A$	0	$y$	52	78	99
$B$	$y$	0	64	$x$	75
$C$	52	64	0	25	31
$D$	78	$x$	25	0	84
$E$	99	75	31	84	0

The table above shows the distance, in miles, by the most direct route, between any two of the five cities $A, B, C, D$ and $E$ . For example, the distance between City $B$ and City $C$ is $64$ miles. What is the value of $x$ ?p> (1) By the most direct route, the distance between $A$ and $B$ is three times the distance between $A$ and $D$ .p> (2) By the most direct route, the distance between $B$ and $D$ is four times the distance between $A$ and $B$ .p>

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In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Pennsylvania could not subsidize religious private schools through its Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Although the funds allocated in the Act were limited to the purpose of reimbursing the schools for textbooks, instructional materials, and the salaries of teachers who did not teach religion, the Court held that since the Act had the result of benefiting primarily Roman Catholic schools, it overextended the government's power on behalf of a religious organization. Later cases have referred to the benchmark three-part test established by Lemon, which states that a U.S. law violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution if (1) the purpose of the law is not a secular purpose, (2) the law's primary effect is to inhibit or further the practice of religion, or (3) the law creates “excessive entanglement” between government and religious authority.p> Other states have also faced questions concerning whether or not a government policy or activity violates the Constitution's prohibition on the establishment of religion. For example, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, the inclusion of a religious symbol among secular holiday decorations in a display sponsored and maintained by the city, at minimal expense, was declared constitutionally permissible. Although the religious symbol was erected on government property, it was both a longstanding tradition in the town and appeared among other, purely secular, symbols of the holiday season; it had gone unchallenged in the courts for more than 40 years. This, however, did not prevent application of the “Lemon test.” Indeed, as the Supreme Court has interpreted it, the question of establishment of religion is often a matter of perception and context as much as it is of clear divisions. This flexible approach is illustrated by Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), in which the Court demonstrated that differing circumstances could indeed lead to different results of application of the “Lemon test.” Therefore, the Court ruled that, in Pawtucket's context, the appearance of a religious symbol amid various secular ones in a government-sponsored display did not violate the Constitution.p>

300难题

The figure above represents a network of one-way streets. The arrows indicate the direction of traffic flow, and the numbers indicate the amount of traffic flow into or out of each of the four intersections during a certain hour. During that hour: what was the amount of traffic flow along the street from R to S if the total amount of traffic flow into P was 1200 ? (Assume that none of the traffic originates or terminates in the network.)

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The stock market tends to move in response to the monthly release of the U.S. consumer confidence index (CCI), signaling that individuals make investment decisions on the basis of this information. Such behavior is mostly irrational. The CCI is generally understood to be a lagging indicator; by the time the CCI has been released, the stock market should have already reflected the latest adjustments to its prices based on consumer sentiment. Furthermore, the CCI, to the degree that it reflects on the stock market, reflects only on the stock market as a whole, not on individual stocks. The questions that make up the CCI, indeed, gauge individual levels of confidence about factors, such as employment rates, that should have little direct bearing on most individual stocks relative to other factors. To dampen the influence of the CCI on the stock market, the Conference Board, the nonprofit group that reveals the information each month, should adjust its timetable in order to publish the CCI outside of stock market hours. In that case, the impact of the CCI on stock market prices would be smoothed and would be more likely to reflect individual investors' business estimates, rather than their

animal whims

. p>

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While the usual methods for taxonomy rely heavily on phenotype (physical characteristics) as markers distinguishing between species, a polyphyletic group, defined in this paper as a group including species with similar characteristics that were not inherited from a common ancestor, can defy these methods of categorization. But because other characteristics are not easily observed, the identification of polyphyletic groups takes time. Often only vigorous scientific discussion can prompt further investigation into a group's taxonomy; for instance, lively controversies about the classification of the Felimida complex of nudibranch species have resulted in genetic analyses of several specimens in an attempt to determine their origins. Such investigations may overturn decades of accepted scientific knowledge. Whereas the Felimida group had been classified based on phenotypes of four species, two of the “species” are in fact subgroups of two other species, while another, new species has been established based on the new species' lack of a common ancestor with the rest of Felimida. The usefulness of phenotype as a criterion for classification, then, appears to depend on several factors, including the phenotypic diversity of the genus as well as its interspecies interactions (for example, predator-prey interactions heavily influence phenotypic expression) and its geographic range (since similar phenotypes might evolve independently in similar but distant environments).p>

如图所示,正方形,对角线中点M,一人从A点出发去M点,然后折转去N点再去C点.另外一人是从a点出发去b点方向,到p然后立即直接直线走向C点,两人最终沿各自路线走的距离是相等的,求ap比bp.

Ready4

p>In the rectangular coordinate system above, if $\Delta LMN$ and $\Delta NOP$ have equal area, what are the coordinates of point $L$ ?p> (1) $\overline{LM}=\overline{MN}$ and $\overline{NP}=\overline{OP}$ .p> (2) The coordinates of point $O$ are $(8,4)$ .p>

Ready4

In the figure above, the circumference of circle $Q$ is 4. If the measure of $\angle QAB$ is $50^\circ$ , what is the length of arc $AB$ ?p>

Despite their acronymic similarity, LEDs and LCDs represent distinct display technologies. In LEDs, or light-emitting diodes, two different semiconductor materials are layered together: n-type, in which mobile electrons carry negative charge, and p-type, in which “holes” in an otherwise bound sea of electrons carry positive charge. When electric current flows through the p-n junction between layers, an n-type electron falling into a p-type hole releases a photon, a specifically colored particle of light.The dominant technology currently used in most consumer product displays is the active matrix liquid crystal diode display (LCD). LCDs apply thin-film transistors (TFTs) of amorphous silicon sandwiched between two glass plates. The TFTs supply voltage to liquid-crystal-filled cells, or pixels, between the sheets of glass. Liquid crystals can twist the polarization, or wave orientation, of light. Just as a guitar string can vibrate sideways or up and down, so a light wave can be polarized horizontally or vertically. Polarizing filters act as selective gates, transmitting light polarized one way but not the other. Within a pixel, liquid crystals in their relaxed, coiled state rotate the polarization of ambient light enough to make surrounding filters transparent. Alternatively, applied electrical signals uncoil the crystals, causing the filters to block light and the pixel to become opaque. LCDs that are capable of producing color images, such as in televisions and computers, reproduce colors by blocking out particular color wavelengths from the spectrum of white light until only the desired color remains. The variation of the intensity of light permitted to pass through the matrix of liquid crystals enables LCD displays to present images full of gradations of different colors.The amount of power required to untwist the crystals to display images is much lower than that required for analogous processes using other technologies, such as plasma. The dense array of crystals displays images from computer sources extremely well, with full color detail, no flicker, and no screen burn-in. Moreover, the number of pixels per square inch on an LCD is typically higher than that for other display technologies; LCD monitors are excellent at displaying large amounts of data with exceptional clarity and precision.

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In 1848, Marx, supported by Engels, completed the “Communist Manifesto.” The "Communist Manifesto" attempts to explain the goals of Communism as well as the theory underlying the movement. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments. Class relationships are defined by an era`s means of production. However, these relationships eventually cease to be compatible with the developing forces of production. At this point, a revolution occurs and a new class emerges as the ruling one. This process represents the "march of history" as driven by larger economic forces. The “Communist Manifesto” stated that all men were born free but that society put the majority of men in chains. Engels referred to the book as being the “very way of life.” In a higher phase of ideal communist society, the enslaving subordination of the individual to the division of labor and also the antithesis between mental and physical labor vanish. Labor becomes not only a means of life but life`s prime want and the productive forces increase with the all round development of the individual. All the springs of the cooperative wealth flow more abundantly."From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!" echoes Marxism. The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted a free enterprise system advocating maximum productivity. Economic progress in Marxist regions has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of Marx`s ideology — the argument that the elimination of social classes cannot come about through reforms or changes in government, but rather, a revolution is required. Indeed, some forms of neo-Marxism resemble little more than a giant "conspiracy theory," whereby a capitalist ruling class is able to manipulate other classes in society for their own ends and benefits. p>Marxist society greatly undervalues non-economic forces and wraps a great deal of belief in an economic shell at the expense of non-economic issues. In fact, modern industrial society in specific is characterized by class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. However, the theory that productive forces of capitalism are quickly ceasing to be compatible with this exploitative relationship is greatly over emphasized. More importantly, much Marxism — both old and modern — has tended to ignore the role and position of women in society. Women tend to be marginalized in much Marxist theorizing, possibly because of the focus upon work relationships. This criticism is irrelevant and obsolete in current context. In comparison, capitalism, however, as an economic and political system, has proven to be more durable and flexible than Marx imagined.p>

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	City A	City B	City C	City D	City E	City F
City A
City B
City C
City D
City E
City F

p>In the table above, each entry will represent the frequent flyer miles awarded for flying one way between a pair of cities. As part of a promotion, the airline is awarding an additional 1000 frequent flyer miles for those flights that originate in City E. What is the least number of table entries that are needed to show the frequent flyer points awarded for flying between each city and each of the other five cities?p>

In Forces of Production, David Noble examines the transformation of the machine-tool industry as the industry moved from reliance on skilled artisans to automation. Noble writes from a Marxist perspective, and his central argument is that management, in its decisions to automate, conspired against labor: the power that the skilled machinists wielded in the industry was intolerable to management. Noble fails to substantiate this claim, although his argument is impressive when he applies the Marxist concept of "de-skilling" —— the use of technology to replace skilled labor —— to the automation of the machine-tool industry. In automating, the industry moved to computer-based, digitalized "numerical control" (N/C) technology, rather than to artisan generated "record-playback" (R/P) technology.Although both systems reduced reliance on skilled labor, Noble clearly prefers R/P, with its inherent acknowledgment of workers` skills: unlike N/C, its programs were produced not by engineers at their computers, but by skilled machinists, who recorded their own movements to "teach" machines to duplicate those movements. However, Noble's only evidence of conspiracy is that, although the two approaches were roughly equal in technical merit, management chose N/C. From this he concludes that automation is undertaken not because efficiency demands it or scientific advances allow it. but because it is a tool in the ceaseless war of capitalists against labor.

C13

animal whims

. p>