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In corporate purchasing, competitive scrutiny is typically limited to suppliers of items that are directly related to end products. With "indirect" purchases (such as computers, advertising, and legal services), which are not directly related to production, corporations often favor "supplier partnerships"(arrangements in which the purchaser forgoes the right to pursue alternative suppliers), which can inappropriately shelter suppliers from rigorous competitive scrutiny that might afford the purchaser economic leverage. There are two independent variables availability of alternatives and ease of changing suppliers-that companies should use to evaluate the feasibility of subjecting suppliers of indirect purchases to competitive scrutiny. This can create four possible situations. In Type 1 situations, there are many alternatives and change is relatively easy. Open pursuit of alternatives-by frequent competitive bidding, if possible-will likely yield the best results. In Type 2 situations, where there are many alternatives but change is difficult-as for providers of employee health-care benefits-it is Important to continuously test the market and use the results to secure concessions from existing suppliers. Alternatives provide a credible threat to suppliers, even if the ability to switch is constrained. In Type 3 situations, there are few alternatives, but the ability to switch without difficulty creates a threat that companies can use to negotiate concessions from existing suppliers. In Type 4 situations, where there are few alternatives and change is difficult, partnerships may be unavoidable.
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A Spanish red wine called Tempranillo exhibits a plummy flavor and is considered as a drink fit for a gourmet by most locals, though it is virtually unheard of outside Navarra.
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Producers of jazz albums tend to back artists that they expect will gain popularity in the key European market, or who are popular already.
Ready4 Although a cause for concern among farmers, inflammation in pregnant female dairy cattle, which occurs commonly just after birth—many disorders, including metabolic diseases such as ketosis and fatty liver, are known to occur at this time—it is believed to play a beneficial role in the complex process of going from late pregnancy to lactation. 
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Price Range (in dollars) Number of Items
less than 5 4
5-14 27
15-24 39
25-34 13
35-44 47
45-54 28
55 and higher 9

The table above gives information about the current price ranges, in dollars, of 167 items in store . If represents the median price, in dollars, of all the items in store , which of the following must be true?
Ready4 As sales of diet cola and light beer brands in Europe were declining 20.6 percent in late March, many analysts conclude that the health drive that had gripped the continent had passed.
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If is the center of the circle above, what fraction of the circular region is shaded?
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The brightness on Earth of such celestial bodies like stars invariably depends both on the radius of the luminescent object and its temperature.
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When the figure above is cut along the solid lines, folded along the dashed lines, and taped along the solid lines, the result is a model of a prism with a base that is a hexagon. What is the sum of the number of edges and the number of faces of this prism?
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In the table above, what is the least number of table entries that are needed to show the mileage between each town and each of the other six towns?
ProjectAt a certain company, successful projects proceed through 8 stages—Stages A through H. An active project is one that is currently in one of these 8 stages. If a stage of a project is completed during a given day, the project is immediately moved to the next stage. At the end of each day, the current stage of each active project is recorded. Some stages require as little as 1 day of work, and none requires more than 3 days of work. A project is said to be delayed if it spends more time at a stage than is required to complete the work. If a project is canceled, the current stage for the day is recorded as Stage X, and the project is no longer considered an active project.Stages and ClustersFor any given project, the diagram shows the progression of the stages of the project as well as the department of the individuals responsible for each stage. The stages—divided into the initial, intermediate, and final clusters—are each assumed to constitute some nominal fixed percentage (NFP) of the project's lifetime. In the diagram, each cluster percentage is the sum of the NFPs for the stages within the cluster.GMAT、gmat题库、gmat模考、gmat考满分A status history report—a report containing the daily project status for any project that was active within a given timeframe—is produced by a computer program. Below is the report that was generated at the end of the day today, which is the fifth day of Week 7. The report shows, for example, that Project 75039 began on the second day of Week 6, spent 3 days each in Stages A and B, and has been in its current stage, Stage C, for 3 days.GMAT、gmat题库、gmat模考、gmat考满分
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Eugene Fama's theory of there being "efficient" financial markets, meaning that an investor, given widely available information, cannot consistently achieve returns in excess of average market returns, is still respected.
Ready4 Only 10 percent of Indians surveyed in 1996 had access to a telephone; of those surveyed in 2012, over 50 percent had access to a mobile phone.
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If  is the center of the circle above, what fraction of the circular region is shaded?
Ready4 After suffering a countercyclical decline in the prosperous 1920s, the American labor movement grew in fits and explosive starts during the Great Depression and had finally come of age by 1940. Initially, the sole major organizational vehicle organizing unionized workers in the nation was the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which, carrying on the legacy of Samuel Gompers, was reluctant to take steps that might instigate government counteraction, and which therefore failed to exploit completely the growing unrest of American workers. Some AFL leaders, such as John L. Lewis of the Miners, had more aggressive views to push unionization into industries it had not yet substantially occupied, but these individuals were the exception in the organization, not the norm. A shift was precipitated by an act of legislature, the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1932, whose clause 7a guaranteed workers a choice of union and compelled employers to deal with those unions. The clause unleashed a wave of unionization, both spontaneous and driven by the AFL. Membership in the AFL surged, but the organization's conservatism--its orientation toward skilled labor, in particular--left it ill-equipped to organize and harness the energy of the mass of relatively unskilled workers clamoring to join the movement. In light of this roadblock (which actually caused the AFL to lose members), John L. Lewis formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) of ten of the more aggressive AFL unions. Within a year of its inception, the member unions of the CIO were expelled from the AFL and stood in the CIO as a distinct organization, at that point newly unhampered it its aggressive and sometimes violent pursuit of membership from unskilled labor. The CIO's tactics were effective, so that, by the time the AFL and the CIO reconciled in 1940, total union membership had risen to 8.5 million, from barely 3 million in 1929.
Arboria is floundering in the global marketplace, incurring devastating losses in market position and profits. The problem is not Arboria's products, but Arboria's trade policy. Arboria faces the prospect of continuing economic loss until Arborian business and political leaders recognize the fundamental differences between Arborian and foreign economic systems. Today the key trade issue is not free trade versus protectionism but diminishing trade versus expanding trade. Arboria is operating with an obsolete trade policy, an artifact of the mid-1940s when Arboria and Whorfland dominated the global economy, tariffs were the principal obstacle to trade, and Arborian supremacy was uncontested in virtually all industries. In the intervening decades, economic circumstances have shifted radically. Arborian trade policy has not. Today, Arboria's trade policy seems paralyzed by the relentless conflict between proponents of "free" and "fair" trade. The free traders argue that Arborian markets should be open, and the movement of goods and services across national borders unrestrained. The fair traders assert that access to Arborian markets should be restricted until Arborian businesses are granted equal access to foreign markets. They contend that free trade is impossible while other nations erect barriers to Arborian exports. Both are correct: fair trade requires equal access and equal access leads to free trade. But both sides base their positions on the same two outdated premises: 1. Global commerce is conducted under the terms of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and dominated by Arboria and similar economicsystems abroad. 2. Multilateral negotiations are the most effective way to resolve pressing trade issues. Both assumptions are wrong. The 40-year-old GATT now covers less than 7 percent of global commerce. World trade is no longer dominated by the freetrade economies; nearly 75 percent is conducted by economic systems operating with principles at odds with those of Arboria. Forging a multilateral trade policy consensus among so many diverse economic systems has become virtually impossible. And while multilateral talks drag on, Arboria misses opportunities for trade expansion.
Although epidemics are often triggered by bacteria and viruses that have undergone genetic mutations, as was the case with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which mutated into a harmful virus when it was transmitted from monkeys to humans, outbreaks of other diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses whose genetic make-ups have not undergone significant changes. In many cases, such diseases spread as a result of social factors.Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and treatable disease that continues to infect thousands of Americans each year. The widespread global utilization of the BCG vaccine and antibiotics, in addition to generally improved public health, led to a dramatic reduction in both the number of deaths attributed to tuberculosis globally and in the economic burden of the disease between 1940 and 1980. But the short-term success of these tools led to complacency and a decreased interest on the part of governments and pharmaceutical companies in TB research and development. What resulted in the late 1980s in the United States, spurred by the spread of HIV and by the increase in homelessness, incarceration, and intravenous drug use, was a 20 percent increase in TB rates. These TB outbreaks were difficult to control and extremely costly, given that the health infrastructure for dealing with the infection had been allowed to deteriorate due to a lack of funding. In New York City alone, more than $1 billion was needed to regain control of TB.Today, the United States faces three significant challenges to the elimination of TB. First, our progress in reducing the TB case rate in the United States has stalled. Between 1993 and 2000, the nation's TB rate fell by 7.3 percent, but from 2000 to 2006, the rate of decline slowed to 3.8 percent. This is occuring at a time when domestic TB control categorical funding has been stagnant for a decade. As the history of TB in the United States has demonstrated, complacency and neglect of TB control programs can lead to costly resurgences of the disease.
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A team of British researchers, having spent three seasons investigating and mapping a region in West Antarctica, has discovered a massive ancient subglacial trough deeper than the Grand Canyon.
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Archeology has undoubtedly enriched mankind's understanding of history more than any other discipline. Archeology has unraveled a great part of man's unwritten past. Studying the material remains of past human life and activities may not seem important or exciting to the average person when compared to other scientific pursuits like the biological sciences. But archeology's aim to understand mankind is a noble endeavor that goes well beyond uncovering buried treasures. Knowing what made past cultures cease to exist may indeed provide the key to making sure that history does not repeat itself.

However, when it comes to dating archeological samples, several timescale problems arise. For example, Christian time counts the birth of Christ as the beginning, AD 1 (Anno Domini); everything that occurred before Christ is counted backwards from AD as BC (Before Christ). The Greeks consider the first Olympic Games as the beginning or 776 BC. The Muslims count the Prophet's departure from Mecca, or the Hegira, as their beginning at AD 662. The Mayan calendar used 3114 BC as their reference. As a result, carbon dating began to emerge as the most popular and accepted form of determining the absolute dating of artifacts and events. However, this technique is not without its limitations or risks.

First, the size of the archeological sample is important. Larger samples are better because purification and distillation remove some matter. Although new techniques for working with very small samples have been developed, like accelerator dating, these are very expensive and still somewhat experimental. Second, because the decay rate is logarithmic, radiocarbon dating has significant upper and lower limits. It is not very accurate for fairly recent deposits. In recent deposits so little decay has occurred that the error factor (the standard deviation) may be larger than the date obtained.

Despite all of this, carbon dating remains a useful tool for archeological research, helping archeologists obtain a much needed global perspective on the timing of major prehistoric events.
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On the circle above with center O, the length of arc PQR is 12 \pi. What is the circumference of the circle?