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OG2022 Paint on a new airliner is usually applied in two stages: first, a coat of primer, and then a top coat. A new process requires no primer, but instead uses two layers of the same newly developed coating, with each layer of the new coating having the same thickness and weight as a traditional top coat. Using the new process instead of the old process increases the price of a new aircraft considerably. Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that it is in an airline's long-term economic interest to purchase new airliners painted using the new process rather than the old process?
A new law regarding written work gives the ownership of a magazine article's copyright - the exclusive right to reproduce and sell a creative or intellectual work - to the journalist who wrote the article rather than to the magazine company for which that journalist works. In addition to licensing the rights he receives to the magazine company for which he works, a journalist plans to take advantage of this new law by also licensing the rights to his articles to textbook companies, allowing these companies to reproduce and sell his articles, in order to maximize his profits.Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the likelihood that the journalist's plan will succeed?
Ready4

A mayor has proposed a fee of five dollars per day for private vehicles entering the city, claiming that the fee will alleviate the city’s traffic congestion. The mayor reasons that, since the fee will exceed the cost of round-trip bus fare from many nearby points, many people will switch from using their cars to using the bus. Which of the following statements, if true, provides the best evidence that the mayor’s plan will fail to accomplish its goal?  
PREP2012 Consumer advocate: it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence. However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer's legal costs. Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.In the consumer advocate's argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
Magoosh Nutritionist: Your company's fruit-processing technologies add unacceptable amounts of copper to the orange juice you sell. Because copper blocks the absorption of Vitamin C, your advertising campaign claiming that your juice is a good source of Vitamin C is faulty and should be removed.Juice Manufacturer: Some amount of copper is necessary for optimal health. Recent studies have shown that as many as 25 percent of Americans do not get enough copper in their diets; therefore, the benefits of the copper that our process adds to the juice outweigh the costs of any Vitamin C that it may block.The juice manufacturer's response is flawed as a refutation of the nutritionist's argument because it
Ready4

Intended primarily to liquidate slow-moving stock, the new promotion, which allows consumers to pick two books for the price of one, and reduces the minimum purchase requirement for home delivery to $20 from $50.
GWD In Kantovia, physicians' income comes from insurance companies, which require physicians to document their decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations from the companies' treatment guidelines. Ten years ago physicians were allowed more discretion. Most physicians believe that the companies' requirements now prevent them from spending enough time with patients. Yet the average amount of time a patient spends with a physician during an office visit has actually increased somewhat over the last ten years.Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy between physicians' perceptions and the change in the actual time spent?
Ready4

A technical proposal has been advanced for a transportation system in which individuals travel through tubes in pressurized capsules on a cushion of air. One individual in a capsule, according to the proposal, will be able to travel up to ten times as fast as an automobile on a highway. Such a futuristic means of conveyance would surely be thrilling for individuals, but the cost of building the new transport tube between two major cities has been estimated at six billion dollars. Even if this doubtful cost figure is accurate, it represents a waste of money. The cost of maintaining the existing roads between the two cities in question is negligible compared to the cost of building the tube, and those six billion dollars can be dedicated to more vital public works projects.

Which of the following, if true, most severely weakens the argument presented above?
Ready4

The passage mentions which of the following as a factor contributing to the future ecological impact of electronic reading?
When there is a high demand for a trucking company's services, more money is spent on vehicle maintenance and safety inspections than at other times. Thus, the rate of truck accidents should be lower when there is high demand for the company's services than when demand is lower and less money is spent on vehicle maintenance and safety inspections.Which of the following, if true about a truck company when there is a high demand for its services, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
PREP2012 Letter to the editor: Our city plans to allow major commercial development along the south waterfront and, in so doing, to increase its tax revenue.But, to succeed commercially, the development would inevitably create far more road traffic than the existing roads to the waterfront can handle, causing serious congestion. Providing enough roads or public transportation to the area would cost far more than the city could gain from the increased tax revenue.Which of the following, if added to the city's plan, would be most likely to help solve the problem the letter describes?
Ready4

Last year the rate of unemployment was 8.2 percent, but this year it has been 7 percent. We can conclude that unemployment is on a downward trend and the rate will be even lower next year.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
Ready4

Cattle rancher: The new government regulations requiring the testing of all cattle crossing state borders would cost cattle ranchers $1 billion annually. These regulations would damage the nation's economy.

Health regulator: Some of the $1 billion spent or lost by ranchers will be revenue for other businesses. Profits will be gained as well as lost.

The health regulator responds to the cattle rancher by
OG12 OG15 Last year the rate of inflation was 1.2 percent, but during the current year it has been 4 percent. We can conclude that inflation is on an upward trend and the rate will be still higher next year.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
"Fast cycle time" is a strategy of designing a manufacturing organization to eliminate bottlenecks and delays in production. Not only does it speed up production, but it also ensures quality. The reason is that the bottlenecks and delays cannot be eliminated unless all work is done right the first time.The claim about quality made above rests on a questionable presupposition that
During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis the those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
The professionalization of the study of history in the second half of the nineteenth century, including history's transformation from a literary genre to a scientific discipline, had important consequences not only for historians' perceptions of women but also for women as historians. The disappearance of women as objects of historical studies during this period has [hl:1]elements of irony[/hl:1] to it. On the one hand, in writing about women, earlier historians had relied not on firsthand sources but rather on secondary sources; the shift to more rigorous research methods required that secondary sources be disregarded. On the other hand, the development of archival research and the critical editing of collections of documents began to reveal significant new historical evidence concerning women, yet this evidence was perceived as substantially irrelevant: historians saw political history as the general framework for historical writing. Because women were seen as belonging to the private rather than to the public sphere, the discovery of documents about them, or by them, did not, by itself, produce history acknowledging the contributions of women. In addition, genres such as biography and memoir, those forms of "particular history" that women had traditionally authored, fell into disrepute. The dividing line between "particular history" and general history was redefined in stronger terms, widening the gulf between amateur and professional practices of historical research.
OG15 OG16 OG17 The following appeared as part of a company memorandum:"Adopting an official code of ethics regarding business practices may in the long run do our company more harm than good in the public eye. When one of our competitors received unfavorable publicity for violating its own code of ethics, it got more attention from the media than it would have if it had had no such code. Rather than adopt an official code of ethics, therefore, we should instead conduct a publicity campaign that stresses the importance of protecting the environment and assisting charitable organizations."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
Ready4

The passage mentions which of the following as a factor contributing to the future ecological impact of electronic reading?
PREP2012 Drug manufacturer: Television audiences are sure to realize that the "physician" recommending our brand of cough syrup in our advertisement is actually an actor playing a role. Hence they will not place undue trust in the advice given by this actor. Therefore, networks should relax their guidelines to permit our company to broadcast this advertisement.Television executive: If the audience can tell that the actor is not a physician, then your advertisement need not have a physician figure recommending your product.Which of the following is an argumentative strategy used by the television executive in response to the drug manufacturer?