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	Email 1January 15, 10:46 a.m.Yesterday was the deadline for our receipt of completed surveys from doctors who were invited to participate in the Medical Practice Priorities Survey. Did we get enough returns from this original group of invitees to get reliable statistics? Do we need to invite additional participants?Email 2Email from project coordinator in response to the administrator's January 15, 10:46 a.m. messageJanuary 15, 11:12 a.m.Altogether we got exactly 350 actual survey completions. We need at least 700 and were hoping for even more, so we plan to invite a second group to participate. Both the results from this first group and other research indicates that with this type of survey and this type of participants there is about a 40 percent probability that any given invitee will submit the completed survey in the time we'll allow. (Obviously that doesn't mean that if we invited 1,000 we'd necessarily get at least 400, so we need to think in terms of the risks of getting too few returns or exceeding the budget.) All of the participants who submitted their surveys by the deadline will get the $50 payment we promised. What is our total budget for compensation to participants? Email 3Email from administrator to project coordinator in response to the project coordinator's January 15, 11:12 a.m. messageJanuary 15, 1:54 p.m.The budget we allocated for compoensation to those who complete and submit the Medical Practice Priorities Survey is $45,000. We will honor our commitment to pay $50 to each participant--in the second group as well as the first--who completes the survey and submits it by the deadline we specify when we invite them to participate. However, we will need to try not to exceed the total amount that is budgeted for this purpose.
C13	Everest and Jengish Chokusu, two of the tallest mountains on earth, are both products of collisions between continental plates and other tectonic forces. Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco are somewhat shorter and the product of volcanic forces. The formation of these mountains can be compared to that of the planets in our solar system, in which the original stellar material congealed to form multiple celestial bodies with wildly varying sizes, compositions, and physical characteristics. The mountains of Earth are, however, more identifiable than the materials from which they originally formed: mountains are formed from the same rocks and minerals that have existed on Earth for billions of years. Everest, for example, is largely composed of limestone and marble, Jengish Chokusu consists primarily of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and though Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco are both different types of volcanic peak, both have similar metamorphic compositions. The distinction between volcanic and tectonically formed peaks has behavioral ramifications. Ojos de Salado remains an active volcano, and Llullaillaco is dormant at present but has been active in the past. Everest and Jengish Chokusu were formed from a tectonic plate collision millions of years ago, so they exhibit no volcanic activity. Because of that, the appearances of Everest and Jengish Chokusu are permanent, more or less; tectonic changes occur more slowly than volcanic changes and those two mountains will change but very gradually. On the other hand, the appearances of Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco might change rapidly and with little warning, as dormant volcanoes have been known to become active and volcanic eruptions can radically reshape mountains in a matter of moments.
Ready4	The controversial Canadian media intellectual Marshall McLuhan first began to garner public attention with his book The Mechanical Bridge in 1951, precisely during the time when North America was first gripped by and attempting to come to grips with the influence of television programming and advertising on society. One of McLuhan's core theses was that every communication medium, including the television, has inherent effects apart from those that any artist or businessperson willfully creates through it and that these effects are not always positive. McLuhan achieved the height of public attention in part by emulating the advertisers he studied, inventing memorable phrases to convey his points (such as "the medium is the message," "turn on, tune in, drop out," and "global village"). Arguably, however, he never expected or even hoped to deflect substantially the tide of the technological and social forces in play at the time. He likened the successful reader of his works to the sailor in Edgar Allan Poe's story "A Descent into the Maelstrom," who saves himself by studying a whirlpool and by moving with, not against, its current. The media thinker's legacy is in equal parts inevitable and inconsequential. The advent of the internet, which he had predicted thirty years prior, and of subsequent technologies would force society to broaden its perspective of media channels and examine their impact more closely. On the other hand, in the present milieu, where media professionals and advertisers tend to speak of "channels" and "content" as well-defined and non-overlapping components of communication, McLuhan's primary message appears to been lost among all the new mediums.
Ready4	Everest and Jengish Chokusu, two of the tallest mountains on earth, are both products of collisions between continental plates and other tectonic forces. Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco are somewhat shorter and the product of volcanic forces. The formation of these mountains can be compared to that of the planets in our solar system, in which the original stellar material congealed to form multiple celestial bodies with wildly varying sizes, compositions, and physical characteristics. The mountains of Earth are, however, more identifiable than the materials from which they originally formed: mountains are formed from the same rocks and minerals that have existed on Earth for billions of years. Everest, for example, is largely composed of limestone and marble, Jengish Chokusu consists primarily of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and though Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco are both different types of volcanic peak, both have similar metamorphic compositions. The distinction between volcanic and tectonically formed peaks has behavioral ramifications. Ojos de Salado remains an active volcano, and Llullaillaco is dormant at present but has been active in the past. Everest and Jengish Chokusu were formed from a tectonic plate collision millions of years ago, so they exhibit no volcanic activity. Because of that, the appearances of Everest and Jengish Chokusu are permanent, more or less; tectonic changes occur more slowly than volcanic changes and those two mountains will change but very gradually. On the other hand, the appearances of Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco might change rapidly and with little warning, as dormant volcanoes have been known to become active and volcanic eruptions can radically reshape mountains in a matter of moments.
Ready4	In the figure above, EF is a diameter of the circle with center O and is perpendicular at each end to the trapezoid ABCD. If the area of the circle is $225 π$ , the length of AD is 20 and the length of BC is 10, what is the area of the ABCD?
Ready4	Each of the letters in the table above represents one of the numbers 3, 5, or 11, and each of these numbers occurs no more than once within any row or column, with the exception of 5, which may occur up to two times. What is the value of $d_{2}$ ? $a_{1} c_{2} = 121$ $c_{1} d_{1} a_{2} e = 375$
	[hl:6]According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.[/hl:6] This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth's surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.
	The view has prevailed for the better part of the twentieth century that small firms do not perform an important role in Western economies. Official policies in many countries have favored large units of production because there were strong reasons to believe that large firms were superior to small firms in virtually every aspect of economic performance--productivity, technological progress, and job security and compensation. However, in the 1970s, evidence began to suggest that small firms in some countries were outperforming their larger counterparts. Perhaps the best example of this trend was in the steel industry, where new firms entered the market in the form of "mini-mills," and small-firm employment expanded, while many large companies shut down plants and reduced employment. Although no systematic evidence exists to determine unequivocally whether smaller units of production are as efficient as large firms or are, in fact, more efficient, some researchers have concluded that the accumulated evidence to date indicates that small firms are at least not burdened with an inherent size disadvantage.Thus, an alternative view has emerged in the economics literature, arguing that small firms make several important contributions to industrial markets. First, small firms are often the source of the kind of innovative activity that leads to technological change. Small firms generate market turbulence that creates additional dimensions of competition, and they also promote international competition through newly created niches. Finally, small firms in recent years have generated the preponderant share of new jobs.However, empirical knowledge about the relative roles of large and small firms is generally based upon anecdotal evidence and case studies, and such evidence has proved inadequate to answer major questions concerning the role of small firms across various industries and nations. An additional difficulty is that it is not obvious what criteria one should use to distinguish small firms from large ones. While a "small firm" is often defined as an enterprise with fewer than 500 employees, research studies of small firms use a wide variety of definitions.
Ready4	The sequence $b_1, b_2, b_3,...,b_n,...$ such that $b_n = \frac{1}{n^{2}}-\frac{1}{(n+1)^{2}}$ for all integers $n \geq 1$ . If $k$ is a positive integer, is the sum of the first $k$ terms of the sequence greater than $\frac{31}{32}$ ? (1) $k < 7$ (2) $k > 8$
Ready4	Three programmers $N$ , $P$ , and $Q$ working simultaneously and independently at their respective constant rates, can write 10,000 lines of code in 3 hours. How long does it take Programmer $N$ , working alone at a constant rate, to write all lines of the code? (1) Programmers $N$ and $P$ , working simultaneously and independently at their respective constant rates, can write all lines of the code in 4 hours. (2) Programmers $N$ and $Q$ , working simultaneously and independently at their respective constant rates, can write all lines of the code in 6 hours.
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:"If the paper from every morning edition of the nation's largest newspaper were collected and rendered into paper pulp that the newspaper could reuse, about 5 million trees would be saved each year. This kind of recycling is unnecessary, however, since the newspaper maintains its own forests to ensure an uninterrupted supply of paper."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
	There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine:"Two of today's best-selling brands of full-strength prescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid, Acid-Ease and Pepticaid, are now available in milder nonprescription forms. Doctors have written 76 million more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than for full-strength Pepticaid. So people who need an effective but milder nonprescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid should choose Acid-Ease."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
Ready4	Is the triangle above a right triangle? (1) In an $xy$ -plane, $L$ and $N$ have the same $y$ -coordinates. (2) In an $xy$ -plane, $M$ has coordinates $(-1,6)$ .
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine:"The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting countries. The sale of Sacchar's sugar abroad would increase, and this increase would substantially reduce Sacchar's trade deficit."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared in the opinion section of a national newsmagazine:"To reverse the deterioration of the postal service, the government should raise the price of postage stamps. This solution will no doubt prove effective, since the price increase will generate larger revenues and will also reduce the volume of mail, thereby eliminating the strain on the existing system and contributing to improved morale."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared in an article in a travel magazine:"After the airline industry began requiring airlines to report their on-time rates, Speedee Airlines achieved the number one on-time rate, with more than 89 percent of its flights arriving on time each month. And now Speedee is offering more flights to more destinations than ever before. Clearly, Speedee is the best choice for today's business traveler."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared in the editorial section of a campus newspaper:"Because occupancy rates for campus housing fell during the last academic year, so did housing revenues. To solve the problem, campus housing officials should reduce the number of available housing units, thereby increasing the occupancy rates. Also, to keep students from choosing to live off-campus, housing officials should lower the rents, thereby increasing demand."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
	The graph shows the estimated number of users for 3 hyper-growth internet startups in 5 selected years, each launched in the same year. Companies X, Y and Z are all subsidiaries within Holding Company A. The number of users across all of Holding Company A's web properties was 1 billion in Year 1 and 2.8 billion in Year 9.From each drop-down menu, select the option that creates the most accurate statement based on the information provided.A) The increase in the estimated number of users in Company Z from Year 1 to 9 accounts for approximately% of the increase in the estimated number of users across all of Holding Company A's web properties.B) In Year 9, the estimated number of users cumulatively across Companies X, Y, and Z wasof the estimated users across all of Holding Company A's web properties.
OG15 OG16 OG17	The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:"Commuter use of the new subway train is exceeding the transit company's projections. However, commuter use of the shuttle buses that transport people to the subway stations is below the projected volume. If the transit company expects commuters to ride the shuttle buses to the subway rather than drive there, it must either reduce the shuttle bus fares or increase the price of parking at the subway stations."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.