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During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis the those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
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Toughened hiring standards have not been the primary cause of the present staffing shortage in public schools. The shortage of teachers is primarily caused by the fact that in recent years teachers have not experienced any improvements in working conditions and their salaries have not kept pace with salaries in other professions.Which of the following, if true, would most support the claims above?
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When limitations were in effect on nuclear-arms testing, people tended to save more of their money, but when nuclear-arms testing increased, people tended to spend more of their money. The perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe, therefore, decreases the willingness of people to postpone consumption for the sake of saving money.The argument above assumes that
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Fact 1: Television advertising is becoming less effective: the proportion of brand names promoted ontelevision that viewers of the advertising can recall is slowly decreasing.Fact 2: Television viewers recall commercials aired first or last in a cluster of consecutive commercials far betterthan they recall commercials aired somewhere in the middle.Fact 2 would be most likely to contribute to an explanation of fact 1 if which of the following were also true?
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In 1985 state border colleges in Texas lost the enrollment of more than half, on average, of the Mexican nationals they had previously served each year. Teaching faculties have alleged that this extreme drop resulted from a rise in tuition for international and out-of-state students from $40 to $120 per credit hour.Which of the following, if feasible, offers the best prospects for alleviating the problem of the drop in enrollment of Mexican nationals as the teaching faculties assessed it?
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Affirmative action is good business. So asserted the National Association of Manufacturers while urgingretention of an executive order requiring some federal contractors to set numerical goals for hiring minorities andwomen. "Diversity in work force participation has produced new ideas in management, product development,and marketing," the association claimed.The association's argument as it is presented in the passage above would be most strengthened if which of thefollowing were true?
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Some people have questioned the judge's objectivity in cases of sex discrimination against women. But the record shows that in sixty percent of such cases, the judge has decided in favor of the women. This record demonstrates that the judge has not discriminated against women in cases of sex discrimination against women.The argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that
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The tobacco industry is still profitable and projections are that it will remain so. In the United States this year,the total amount of tobacco sold by tobacco-farmers has increased, even though the number of adults whosmoke has decreased.Each of the following, if true, could explain the simultaneous increase in tobacco sales and decrease in thenumber of adults who smoke EXCEPT:
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Airline: Newly developed collision-avoidance systems, although not fully tested to discover potential malfunctions, must be installed immediately in passenger planes. Their mechanical warnings enable pilots to avoid crashes. Pilots: Pilots will not fly in planes with collision-avoidance systems that are not fully tested. Malfunctioningsystems could mislead pilots, causing crashes.The pilots' objection is most strengthened if which of the following is true?
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PREP07 Test 2
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The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills. In fact, the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States. Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big Americal steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the claim made in the last sentence above?
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A famous singer recently won a lawsuit against an advertising firm for using another singer in a commercial to evoke the famous singer's well-known rendition of a certain song. As a result of the lawsuit, advertising firms will stop using imitators in commercials. Therefore, advertising costs will rise, since famous singers' services cost more than those of their imitators.The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions?
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PREP07 Test 1 OG18-语文分册
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A certain mayor has proposed a fee of five dollars per day on private vehicles entering the city, claiming that the fee will alleviate the city's traffic congestion. The mayor reasons that, since the fee will exceed the cost of round-trip bus fare from many nearby points, many people will switch from using their cars to using the bus.Which of the following statements, if true, provides the best evidence that the mayor's reasoning is flawed?
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A group of children of various ages was read stories in which people caused harm, some of those people doing so intentionally, and some accidentally. When asked about appropriate punishments for those who had caused harm, the younger children, unlike the older ones, assigned punishments that did not vary according to whether the harm was done intentionally or accidentally. Younger children, then, do not regard people's intentions as relevant to punishment.Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?
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Spending on research and development by United States businesses for 1984 showed an increase of about8 percent over the 1983 level. This increase actually continued a downward trend evident since 1981 – whenoutlays for research and development increased 16.4 percent over 1980 spending. Clearly, the 25 percent taxcredit enacted by Congress in 1981, which was intended to promote spending on research and development,did little or nothing to stimulate such spending.The conclusion of the argument above cannot be true unless which of the following is true?
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The number of patents granted to inventors by the United States Patent Office dropped from 56,000 in 1971to 45,000 in 1978. Spending on research and development, which peaked at 3 percent of the gross nationalproduct (GNP) in 1964, was only 2.2 percent of the GNP in 1978. During this period, when the United Statespercentage was steadily decreasing, West Germany and Japan increased the percentage of their GNP's spenton research and development to 3.2 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively.Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?
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Advocates of a large-scale space-defense research project conclude that it will represent a net benefit tocivilian business. They say that since government-sponsored research will have civilian applications, civilianbusinesses will reap the rewards of government-developed technology.Each of the following, if true, raises a consideration arguing against the conclusion above, EXCEPT:
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PREP07 Test 1
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According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression. Yet sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects.Which of the following, if true, best explains the fact that sleep-deprivation is not used as a treatment for depression?
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PREP07 Test 1 PREP2012
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Roland: The alarming fact is that 90 percent of the people in this country now report that they know someone who is unemployed. Sharon: But a normal, moderate level of unemployment is 5 percent, with 1 out of 20 workers unemployed. So at any given time if a person knows approximately 50 workers, one or more will very likely be unemployed.Sharon's argument is structured to lead to which of the following as a conclusion?
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The proportion of women among students enrolled in higher education programs has increased over the past decades. This is partly shown by the fact that in 1959, only 11 percent of the women between twenty and twenty-one were enrolled in college, while in 1981, 30 percent of the women between twenty and twenty-one were enrolled in college.To evaluate the argument above, it would be most useful to compare 1959 and 1981 with regard to which of the following characteristics?
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Useful protein drugs, such as insulin, must still be administered by the cumbersome procedure of injection under the skin. If proteins are taken orally, they are digested and cannot reach their target cells. Certain nonprotein drugs, however, contain chemical bonds that are not broken down by the digestive system. They can, thus, be taken orally.The statements above most strongly support a claim that a research procedure that successfullyaccomplishes which of the following would be beneficial to users of protein drugs?
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