Male cowbirds sing a variety of types of songs, demonstrating a wide range of vocal capabilities. Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of cowbirds of the same species sing in styles particular to their populations, ornithologists have concluded that the cowbirds' singing styles are culturally acquired, rather than genetically transmitted.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the ornithologists?

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Crops can be purged of insects by introducing insects sterilized artificially by radiation; the sterilized male insects of a particular species are released to mingle with a natural population and mate with females who fail to have offspring, thereby inhibiting the ability of the local population of that species to reproduce. A new technique of sterilizing the medfly makes the sterilized male medflies exceptionally attractive to the females, so that a local population can be wiped out completely. But complete extermination might bring new risks. A farmer who considers his plot exceptionally attractive to medflies might think that his plot is the perfect case in which to use the new, more powerful, sterilized insect technique, but he should consider that _______________.

The year after a company whose success depends on product innovation has a profitable year, it invests more cash in its research and development department to attempt to generate innovations that can ensure future success. Therefore, companies whose success depends on product innovation should generate more innovations during the year following a profitable year of business than during years following unprofitable years of business.

Which of the following, if true about a company whose success depends on product innovation during the year after a profitable year, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

Columnist: The chief of police has claimed in a recent press conference that the decline in the number of pickpockets caught on the street indicates that his department that has partly eliminated this petty crime. He might as well argue that because a politician claims to have eliminated bureaucratic waste, there is no need for audits of government agencies. The gentlemen of our police department, in all likelihood, have caught fewer acts of petty crime lately simply because of lax vigilance under pressure from the mayor to lower reported crime rates.

The columnist's statements, if true, best support which of the following as a conclusion?

In the phenomenon known as blindsight, some people who have been diagnosed as completely blind after damage to their visual cortex nonetheless retain the ability to make judgments and take actions that appear to require or demonstrate the use of sight. Despite the fact that they consciously see nothing, such individuals might, if prompted, catch a ball thrown, walk around obstacles, or guess with unusual accuracy whether an array of dots is moving or stationary. Individuals with blindsight are usually not surprised by these events and attribute them to coincidence.

Which of the following questions indicates the most serious weakness in the explanation that those with blindsight ascribe to their abilities?

An obscure novel from the thirteenth century has been attributed to Author X, although whether she was the sole author of the long work is often disputed. The year of completion has also been disputed but should be accepted as 1221, because in this year Author X wrote a diary entry about her joy at having completed the work. In this diary entry she also mentions a specific character who appears only in the last chapter of the book. While doubts may remain about certain aspects of the book's authorship, there is no doubt about its chronology.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument above?

Contrary to earlier predictions, demand for wine has not increased in recent years. Yet, even though prices and production amounts have also been stable during the last three years, wine producers last year increased their profits by more than 10 percent over the previous year's level.

Any of the following statements, if true about last year, helps to explain the rise in profits EXCEPT:

Consuming gluten, a protein composite found in foods processed from wheat and related grains, causes allergic reactions in some adults. Medical records indicate that the percentage of adults in our country who have seen a doctor for gluten allergies has increased significantly in the last four years. Either our adults have been exposed to more gluten, or they have developed a greater sensitivity to them.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A quark-gluon plasma, a hypothesized phase of quantum chromodynamics of interest to physicists, is supposed to exist at conditions of extremely high temperature or density that never naturally occur on Earth. The conditions engendering quark-gluon plasma were thought to have occurred in the first hundred microseconds or so of the universe. It follows that physicists will never be able to observe quark-gluon plasma.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

The passage is primarily concerned with

The passage is primarily concerned with

The author's discussion of the "peptide on a structured scaffold" mentioned in the highlighted text is intended to

The primary purpose of the passage is to

The author is primarily concerned with

Which of the following titles best summarizes the contents of the passage?

The passage mentions each of the following as having an unwarranted influence on the stock market EXCEPT

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the excessive administration of antibiotics referred to in the highlighted text?

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

The passage suggests that in order for an online retailer to compete effectively with other online retailers, it must

Which of the following most accurately summarizes the relationship between the ruling on West Coast Hotel v. Parrish and prior rulings discussed in the passage?