题目材料
Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of the value of any useful product can be attributed to "the effects of labor." For Locke's intellectual heirs it was only a short step to the "labor theory of value," whose formulators held that 100 percent of the value of any product is generated by labor (the human work needed to produce goods) and that therefore the employer who appropriates any part of the product's value as profit is practicing theft.
Although human effort is required to produce goods for the consumer market, effort is also invested in making capital goods (tools, machines, etc.), which are used to facilitate the production of consumer goods. In modern economies about one-third of the total output of consumer goods is attributable to the use of capital goods. Approximately two-thirds of the income derived from this total output is paid out to workers as wages and salaries, the remaining third serving as compensation to the owners of the capital goods. Moreover, part of this remaining third is received by workers who are shareholders, pension beneficiaries, and the like.
The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods-a failing for which Locke must bear part of the blame.
Which of the following arguments would a proponent of the labor theory of value, as it is presented in the first paragraph, be most likely to use in response to the statement that "The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods"?
- AThe productive contributions of workers and capital goods cannot be compared because the productive life span of capital goods is longer than that of workers.
- BThe author's analysis of the distribution of income is misleading because only a small percentage of workers are also shareholders.
- CCapital goods are valuable only insofar as they contribute directly to the production of consumer goods.
- DThe productive contribution of capital goods must be discounted because capital goods require maintenance.
- EThe productive contribution of capital goods must be attributed to labor because capital goods are themselves products of labor.
显示答案
正确答案: E