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Ready4 After Mario Lanza gave a stunning performance at the Hollywood Bowl in 1947, even his most critical contemporaries conceded that he has all the qualities of a great performer: incredible charisma, an excellent sense of music, and an amazing voice.
Manhattan Fashion Executive: Last year, our company had $5 million in revenue, and was featured in 8 major articles in the fashion press. This year, our company's revenue has practically quadrupled, so we should expect to be featured in at least 20 major articles in the fashion press. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the fashion executive's reasoning in the above argument?
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A group of students was asked to participate in a study on computer ethics. The students were exposed to a series of case-studies involving computer hacking, which were intended to illustrate both ethical and malicious hacks. Researchers found that engineering students consistently found no fault in the actions of ethical hacking. However, students in other fields frequently held that all hackers were unethical, regardless of details in the case. This shows that the general populace rejects the idea that a well-intentioned hacker can be ethical.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?
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A game is played with a six-sided, regularly numbered die. The player starts with a number equal to 0.1n, where n is an integer between 1 and 6, inclusive. On each of 20 subsequent rolls, if the number rolled times 0.1 is greater than or equal to the player's current number, the player's current number is incremented by 0.1; if the number rolled times 0.1 is less than the player's current number and is odd, the player's number is decremented by 0.1; if the number rolled times 0.1 is less than the player's current number and is even, the player's number is unaffected. If 55% of the die rolls in a particular game are even, which of the following is a possible final value of that game?

I. 0.8 II. 0.5 III. 0.1
Ready4

A minority but influential investor in Quell has recently claimed that the company's stock is undervalued, citing as evidence the announced plan of Quell's CEO, who is the majority shareholder, to sell the company within a short period of time. According to the minority investor, the CEO is permitting or even encouraging an undervalued stock price so that he may get the company sold and liquidate his stake in the company. By accusing the CEO of having personal motives allow the stock price to become distorted, however, the minority investor is guilty of the precise accusation that he himself is making. This investor is known for using his influence to attempt to sway public opinion and meddle in otherwise well-calibrated deals in order to drive up share prices for his personal financial benefit.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a disease in cattle that can spread to humans through the consumption of beef. A government ministry plans to reassure consumers of beef that sufficient controls are in place at farms to render nonexistent the risk of contracting BSE from beef. Prohibitions against cattle eating other cattle brain tissue and regulations on the treatment of cattle waste have been put in place and dramatically reduced BSE cases. But diagnosis of BSE is difficult: it has an incubation period of months to years, during which there are no symptoms. At present, there is virtually no way to detect BSE reliably except by examining post-mortem brain tissue. And beef is known to be produced and sold from cattle that have not undergone testing.

Which of the following, if performed by the government ministry, could logically be expected to overcome the problem with their plan to reassure consumers of beef?
The United States government has a long-standing policy of using federal funds to keep small business viable. The Small Business Act of 1953 authorized the Small Business Administration (SBA) to enter into contracts with government agencies having procurement powers and to arrange for fulfillment of these contracts by awarding subcontracts to small businesses. In the mid- 1960's, during the war on poverty years, Congress hoped to encourage minority entrepreneurs by directing such funding to minority businesses. At first this funding was directed toward minority entrepreneurs with very low incomes. A 1967 amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act directed the SBA to pay special attention to minority-owned businesses located in urban or rural areas characterized by high proportions of unemployed or low-income individuals. Since then, the answer given to the fundamental question of who the recipients should be—the most economically disadvantaged or those with the best prospects for business success—has changed, and the social goals of the programs have shifted, resulting in policy changes.The first shift occurred during the early 1970's. While the goal of assisting the economically disadvantaged entrepreneur remained, a new goal emerged: to remedy the effects of past discrimination. In fact, in 1970 the SBA explicitly stated that their main goal was to increase the number of minority-owned businesses. At the time, minorities constituted seventeen percent of the nation's population, but only four percent of the nation's self- employed. This [hl:1]ownership gap[/hl:1] was held to be the result of past discrimination. Increasing the number of minority-owned firms was seen as a way to remedy this problem. In that context, providing funding to minority entrepreneurs in middle- and high-income brackets seemed justified.In the late 1970's, the goals of minority-business funding programs shifted again. At the Minority Business Development Agency, for example, the goal of increasing numbers of minority-owned firms was supplanted by the goal of creating and assisting more minority-owned substantive firms with future growth potential. Assisting manufacturers or wholesalers became far more important than assisting small service businesses. Minority-business funding programs were now justified as instruments for economic development, particularly for creating jobs in minority communities of high unemployment.
Historical documents have revealed that among the Timucua, a Native American people of Florida, the best from the hunt or the harvest was given to families of high social status, even in times of economic stress. Archaeological research suggests a similar relationship between social status and diet in the Dallas communities of eastern Tennessee, prehistoric Native American groups with a social organization and economy similar to that of the Timucua. The first real clue came when archaeologists discovered that skeletons of higher-status individuals tended to be several centimeters taller than those of people of lower states.In the largest Dallas communities, some individuals were buried in the earthen mounds that served as sub-structures for buildings important to civic and religious affairs. These burials included quantities of finely carried items made of nonlocal material, denoting the high political standing of those interred. Burials of lower-status individuals contained primarily utilitarian items such as cooking vessels and chipped stone tools and are located in more remote sections of the settlements. The burials actually formed a pattern, the tallest skeletons being found in the mounds, and the heights declining as burials became more distant from the mounds. [hl:1]While it is possible that taller people were simply more successful in achieving high social standing[/hl:1], it is more likely that a number of stresses, including those resulting from a relatively poor diet, which could affect stature, were common among the lower-status groups. Excavations indicate that where food categories made up the bulk of the population's diet: agricultural crops cultivated in the fertile alluvial soils where the communities were located, game, and wild edible plants, primarily nuts. Information about dietary variation among community members is derived by analyzing trace elements in human bone. Higher than normal levels of manganese, strontium, and vanadium probably indicate a less nutritious diet heavily dependent on edible plants. Very low concentrations of vanadium, which is scarce in meats and somewhat lower in nuts than in other plant resources, are good evidence of meat consumption and thus a better balanced-diet. As expected, vanadium was found in considerably greater quantities in skeletons in the burials of lower-status groups.
OG15 OG16 OG17 The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business manager of a department store:"Local clothing stores reported that their profits decreased, on average, for the three-month period between August 1 and October 31. Stores that sell products for the home reported that, on average, their profits increased during this same period. Clearly, consumers are choosing to buy products for their homes instead of clothing. To take advantage of this trend, we should reduce the size of our clothing departments and enlarge our home furnishings and household products departments."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
Ready4 Dendrochronological methods reveal that the redwoods in coastal California are nearly 1,500 years as old as any of their supposed contemporaries in the Sierra Nevada.
Ready4

Unlike the belief of the non-academics involved that the panel proceedings are subterfuge for discrimination, the academic peers of the professor under review are better equipped to evaluate the contributions and performance of their colleague in the review of potential termination due to neglect of duty.
Years before the advent of plate tectonics―the widely accepted theory, developed in the mid-1960's, the holdsthat the major features of Earth's surface are created by the horizontal motions of Earth's outer shell, or lithosphere― a similar theory was rejected by the geological community. In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed, in a widely debated theory that came to be called continental drift, that Earth's continents were mobile. To most geologists today, Wegener's The origin of Continents and Oceans appears an impressive and prescient document, containing several of the [hl:5]essential presumptions[/hl:5] underlying plate tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility of pieces of Earth's crust; the essential difference between oceanic and continental crust; and a causal connection between horizontal displacements and the formation of mountain chains. Yet despite the [hl:2]considerable overlap[/hl:2] between Wegener's concepts and the later widely embraced plate tectonics theory, and despite the fact that continental drift theory presented a possible solution to the problem of the origin of mountains at a time when existing explanations were seriously in doubt, in its day Wegener's theory was rejected by the vast majority of geologists.Most geologists and many historians today believe that Wegener's theory was rejected because of its lack of an adequate mechanical basis. Stephen Jay Gould, for example, argues that continental drift theory was rejected because it did not explain how continents could move through an apparently solid oceanic floor. However, as [hl:1]Anthony Hallam[/hl:1] has pointed out, many scientific phenomena, such as the ice ages, have been accepted before they could be fully explained. The most likely cause for the rejection of continental drift―a cause that has been largely ignored because we consider Wegener's theory to have been validated by the theory of plate tectonics―is the nature of the evidence that was put forward to support it. Most of Wegener's evidence consisted of homologies—similarities of patterns and forms based on direct observations of rocks in the field, supported by the use of hammers, hand lenses, and field notebooks. In contrast, the data supporting plate tectonics were impressively geophysical—instrumental determinations of the physical properties of Earth garnered through the use of seismographs, magnetometers, and computers.
Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity. But discoveries of the three-million-year-old fossilized remains of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools.Walking on two legs in an upright posture (bipedal locomotion) is a less efficient proposition than walking on all fours (quadrupedal locomotion) because several muscle groups that the quadruped uses for propulsion must instead to provide the biped with stability and control. The shape and configuration of various bones must likewise be modified to allow the muscles to perform these functions in upright walking. Reconstruction of the pelvis (hipbones) and femur (thighbone) of "Lucy" , a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the australopithecine era, has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee. Lucy's wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant. By contrast, the head of Lucy's baby could have been no larger than that of a baby chimpanzee.If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright? [hl:1]One theory is that bipedality evolved in conjunction with the nuclear family: monogamous parents cooperating to care for their offspring.[/hl:1]Walking upright permitted the father to use his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate from a distance, allowing the mother to devote more time and energy to nurturing and protecting their children. According to this view, the transition to bipedal walking may have occurred as long as ten million years ago, at the time of the earliest hominids, making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution.
Ready4

The dots on the graph above indicate the Semester 1 math averages and Semester 1 science averages for 22 students at Busytown High School. How many students had a math average above 80 and a science average below 80?
Ready4

Given that, recently, the founders of startup company Zeddifreddo have confirmed that they are in the late stages of discussion of an acquisition offer from another company, other potential acquirers of the company, who had suspected that Zeddifreddo's business performance was mostly hype and not a product of sound financials, have taken interest in making their own acquisition offers. They figure that, if Zeddifreddo's current potential acquirer has reached late stages of an acquisition discussion without having withdrawn its bid, that the acquirer must have had a chance to audit Zeddifreddo's financial position and has found it to be sound. Such reasoning might be hasty, however, since potential acquirers of a startup have been known to overlook that company's financial soundness and favor the acquisition on other grounds, however ill-advised such a position may be.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
Why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans is poorly understood. However, theory andlimited research suggest that the process through which such plans emerge may play a part. In particular, top management decision-sharing —— consensus-oriented, team-based decision-making —— may increase the likelihood that firms will adhere to their plans, because those involved in the decision-making may be more committed to the chosen course of action, thereby increasing the likelihood that organizations will subsequently adhere to their plans.[hl:1]However, the relationship between top management decision-sharing and adherence to plans may be affected by a firm's strategic mission (its fundamental approach to increasing sales revenue and market share, and generating cash flow and short-term profits).[/hl:1] At one end of the strategic mission continuum, "build" strategies are pursued when a firm desires to increase its market share and is willing to sacrifice short-term profits to do so. At the other end, "harvest" strategies are used when a firm is willing to sacrifice market share for short-term profitability and cash-flow maximization. Research and theory suggest that top management decision-sharing may have a more positive relationship with adherence to plans among firms with harvest strategies than among firms with build strategies. In a study of strategic practices in several large firms, managers in harvest strategy scenarios were more able to adhere to their business plans. As one of the managers in the study explained it, this is partly because "[hl:4]typically all a manager has to do when implementing a harvest strategy is that which was done last year.[/hl:4]" Additionally, managers under harvest strategies mayhave fewer strategic options than do those under build strategies; it may therefore be easier to reach agreement on a particular course of action through decision-sharing, which will in turn tend to promote adherence to plans. Conversely, in a "build" strategy scenario, individual leadership, rather than decision-sharing, may promote adherence to plans. Build strategies - which typically require leaders with strong personal visions for a firm's future, rather than the negotiated compromise of the team-based decision - may be most closely adhered to when implemented in the context of a clear strategic vision of an individual leader, rather than through the practice of decision-sharing.
It is an odd but indisputable fact that [line:2][hl:2]the seventeenth-century English women[/hl:2][/line:2] who are generally regarded as among the forerunners of modern feminism are almost all identified with the Royalist side in the conflict between Royalist and Parliamentarians known as the English Civil Wars. Since Royalist ideology is often associated with the radical patriarchalism of seventeenth-century [line:9][hl:1]political theorist Robert Filmer—a patriarchalism[/hl:1][/line:9] that equates family and kingdom and asserts the divinely ordained absolute power of the king and, by analogy, of the male head of the household—historians have been understandably puzzled by the fact that Royalist women wrote the earliest extended criticisms of the absolute subordination of women in marriage and the earliest systematic assertions of women's rational and moral equality with men. Some historians have questioned the facile equation of Royalist ideology with Filmerian patriarchalism; and indeed, there may have been no consistent differences between Royalist and Parliamentarians on issues of family organization and women's political rights, but in that case one would expect early feminists to be equally divided between the two sides.Catherine Gallagher argues that Royalism engendered feminism because the ideology of absolute monarchy provided a transition to an ideology of the absolute self. She cites the example of the notoriously eccentric author Margaret Cavendish (1626-1673), duchess of Newcastle. Cavendish claimed to be as ambitious as any woman could be, but knowing that as a woman she was excluded from the pursuit of power in the real world, she resolved to be mistress of her own world, the “immaterial world” that any person can create within her own mind—and, as a writer, on paper. In proclaiming what she called her “singularity,” Cavendish insisted that she was a self-sufficient being within her mental empire, the center of her own subjective universe rather than [hl:4]a satellite orbiting a dominant male planet[/hl:4]. In justifying this absolute singularity, Cavendish repeatedly invoked the model of the absolute monarch, a figure that became a metaphor for the self-enclose, autonomous nature of the individual person. Cavendish's successors among early feminists retained her notion of woman's sovereign self, but they also sought to break free from the complete political and social isolation that her absolute singularity entailed.
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  City A City B City C City D City E City F City G
City A   x x x x x x
City B     x x x x x
City C       x x x x
CIty D         x x x
City E           x x
City F             x
City G              
Each "x" in the pricing table above represents an entry indicating the cost for flying roundtrip between a pair of seven cities. If the table were extended to represent the prices for flying between all pairs of 32 cities in an airline's schedule and each price were to be represented by only one entry, how many entries would the table then have?
OG15 OG16 OG17 The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum:"On average, 9 out of every 1,000 passengers who traveled on Avia Airlines last year filed a complaint about our baggage-handling procedures. This means that although some 1 percent of our passengers were unhappy with those procedures, the overwhelming majority were quite satisfied with them; thus it would appear that a review of the procedures is not important to our goal of maintaining or increasing the number of Avia's passengers."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
Ready4

Organic fertilizers are made from mineral deposits along with bone meal, plant meal, or composted manure, while synthetic fertilizers are made by processing synthetic chemicals. The numeric ratio listed on a fertilizer, whether it's organic or synthetic, indicates the proportions of the primary nutrients—nitrogen, phosphate, and potash—inside. For example, a bag of fertilizer labeled 4-8-6 contains 4 percent nitrogen, 8 percent phosphate, and 6 percent potash. A 100-pound bag of 4-8-6 organic fertilizer and a 100-pound bag of 4-8-6 synthetic fertilizer may differ in other respects, but farmers can rest assured that the bags differ neither in the amount of primary nutrients they deliver into soil, nor in the time period those nutrients remain available to plants' root systems.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?