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OG12 OG15 OG16 OG17 GWD
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A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company's failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor's sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton's case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
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Researcher: Soils are adversely affected by road salts used to melt ice and snow, particularly along roadsides and salt storage areas. Soil samples were collected from highway medians and in salt storage yards. These samples showed chloride levels 11-160 times the level sufficient to inhibit bacteria growth in soil. Inhibited bacterial growth in soil greatly inhibits plant growth in that soil.An agricultural official would like to use the researcher's result to support the argument that sand, rather than road salts, should be used as a winter road treatment, thereby eliminating the need for salt yards. Select the additional information that, if true, would most strengthen the official's case and select the additional information that, if true, would most weaken the official's case. Make only two selections, one in each column.
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Kendrick: Governments that try to prevent cigarettes from being advertised are justified in doing so, since such advertisements encourage people to engage in an unhealthy practice. But cigarette advertisements should remain legal since advertisements for fatty foods are legal, even though those advertisements also encourage people to engage in unhealthy practices.Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent conflict between Kendrick's statements?
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OG15 OG16 OG17
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The following appeared in an ad for a book titled How to Write a Screenplay for a Movie:"Writers who want to succeed should try to write film screenplays rather than books, since the average film tends to make greater profits than does even a best-selling book. It is true that some books are also made into films. However, our nation's film producers are more likely to produce movies based on original screenplays than to produce films based on books, because in recent years the films that have sold the most tickets have usually been based on original screenplays."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
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OG18-语文分册
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Music critic: Fewer and fewer musicians are studying classical music, decreasing the likelihood that those with real aptitude for such music will be performing it. Audiences who hear these performances will not appreciate classical music's greatness and will thus decamp to other genres. So to maintain classical music's current meager popularity, we must encourage more young musicians to enter the field. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the music critic's reasoning?
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OG19-语文分册 OG20-语文分册
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Music critic: Fewer and fewer musicians are studying classical music,decreasing the likelihood that those with real aptitude for such music will be performing it. Audiences who hear these performances will not appreciate classical music's greatness and will thus decamp to other genres. So to maintain classical music's current meager popularity, we must encourage more young musicians to enter the field.
Which of the following, if true, most weakens the music critic's reasoning?
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GWD
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Industrial accidents are more common when some of the people in safety-sensitive jobs have drinking problems than when none do. Since, even after treatment, people who have had drinking problems are somewhat more likely than other people to have drinking problems in the future, any employer trying to reduce the risk of accidents should bar anyone who has ever been treated for a drinking problem from holding a safety-sensitive job.Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument above?
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By asserting that manufacturers "are simply unaware" (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?
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PREP07 Test 2
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Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
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PREP07 Test 2 PREP08 Test 1
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Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the passage?
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OG2022
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Letter to the editor: Our city plans to allow major commercial development along the south waterfront and, in so doing, to increase its tax revenue. But, to succeed commercially, the development would inevitably create far more road traffic than the existing roads to the waterfront can handle, causing serious congestion. Providing enough roads or public transportation to the area would cost far more than the city could gain from the increased tax revenue.
Which of the following, if added to the city's plan, would be most likely to help solve the problem the letter describes?
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GI
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The graph depicts the per-person dietary intake of foods in 4 categories for the people of Nation X for the years 1909 through 2000. A decline in consumption in all 4 categories strongly suggests an overall food shortage rather than a simple change in dietary pattern. From each drop-down menu, select the option that creates the most accurate statement about food consumption in Nation X based on the information provided.The graph suggests that Nation X most likely experienced a food shortage shortly before the year .For the year that the total dietary intake of carbohydrates was lowest, the per-person intake of carbohydrates was approximately times the per-person intake of dietary fiber.
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OG19 OG20 OG2022
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A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company`s failure to slow down production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investors sniping at management can ever be an thing other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton's case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
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OG15 OG16 OG17
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The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper:"Motorcycle X has been manufactured in the United States for more than 70 years. Although one foreign company has copied the motorcycle and is selling it for less, the company has failed to attract motorcycle X customers—some say because its product lacks the exceptionally loud noise made by motorcycle X. But there must be some other explanation. After all, foreign cars tend to be quieter than similar American-made cars, but they sell at least as well. Also, television advertisements for motorcycle X highlight its durability and sleek lines, not its noisiness, and the ads typically have voice-overs or rock music rather than engine-roar on the sound track."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
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OG18 OG19 OG20 OG2022
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Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet's veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer's products are of high quality.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the veterinarian's reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme?
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PREP08 Test 2
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The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about the occurrence of very cold winters in the eastern and central United States?
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GWD
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Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist's entry into the field, the study's finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
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GWD
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Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
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OG12 OG15 OG16 OG17 GWD OG18 OG19 OG20 OG2022
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Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field.In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
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OG15 OG16 OG17
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The following appeared as part of an article in a health club trade publication:"After experiencing a decline in usage by its members, Healthy Heart fitness center built an indoor pool. Since usage did not increase significantly, it appears that health club managers should adopt another approach—lowering membership fees rather than installing expensive new features."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
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