|
|
The storms most studied by climatologists have been those that are most easily understood by taking atmospheric measurements. Hurricanes and tornadoes, for example, are spatially confined, the forces that drive them are highly concentrated, and they have distinctive forms and readily quantifiable characteristics. Consequently, data about them are abundant, and their behavior is relatively well understood, although still difficult to predict.Hurricanes and tornadoes are also studied because they are highly destructive storms, and knowledge about their behavior can help minimize injury to people and property. But other equally destructive storms have not been so thoroughly researched, perhaps because they are more difficult to study. A primary example is the northeaster, a type of coastal storm that causes significant damage along the eastern coast of North America. Northeasters, whose diffuse nature makes them difficult to categorize, are relatively weak low-pressure systems with winds that rarely acquire the strength of even the smallest hurricane. Although northeasters are perceived to be less destructive than other storms, the high waves associated with strong northeasters can cause damage comparable to that of a hurricane, because they can affect stretches of coast more than 1,500 kilometers long, whereas hurricanes typically threaten a relatively small ribbon of coastline - roughly 100 to 150 kilometers.
|
|
PREP07 Test 2 PREP08 Test 2
|
The primary purpose of the passage is to
|
|
PREP07 Test 2 PREP08 Test 2
|
According to the passage, which of the following is true of northeasters?
|
|
|
Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments. Currently, researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials-substantially more than hospitals collect-thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study. Often researchers restrict [hl:2][hl:4]study[/hl:4][/hl:2] participation to patients who have no ailments besides those being studied. A treatment judged successful under these ideal conditions can then be evaluated under normal conditions. Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment's efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For example, the value of a treatment for a progressive disease may vary according to a patient's stage of disease. [hl:5]Patients` ages[/hl:5] may also affect a treatment's efficacy.
|
|
OG19 OG20 OG2022
|
It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like those mentioned in highlight text would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study proposed by Frazier and Mosteller?
|
|
|
According to the passage, Frazier and Mosteller believe which of the following about medical research?
|
|
|
Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental managers of most corporations is the belief that environmental regulations affect all competitors in a given industry uniformly. In reality, regulatory costs - and therefore compliance - fall unevenly, economically disadvantaging some companies and benefiting others. For example, a plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract the attention of local regulators than is an isolated plant, and less attention means lower costs. [hl:3][line:12]Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or reporting requirements by virtue of their size.[/hl:3][/line:12] Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products. By realizing that they have discretion and that not all industries are affected equally by environmental regulation, environmental managers can help their companies to achieve a competitive edge by anticipating regulatory pressure and exploring all possibilities for addressing how changing regulations will affect their companies specifically.
|
|
OG15 OG16 OG17 OG18 OG19 OG20 OG2022
|
The primary purpose of the passage is to
|
|
GWD
|
Which of the following hypothetical examples would best illustrate the point the author makes in ("By realizing … specifically.")?
|
|
GWD PREP07 Test 1 PREP08 Test 1
|
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
|
|
GWD PREP08 Test 1
|
According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?
|
|
PREP07 Test 1
|
According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871 had which of the following effects?
|
|
OG12 OG15 OG16 OG17 GWD
|
The passage mentions which of the following as a possible consequence of companies' realization of greater profits through ecoefficiency?
|
|
OG12 OG15 OG16 OG17 GWD
|
The passage implies that which of the following is a possible consequence of a company's adoption of innovations that increase its ecoefficiency?
|
|
|
Colonial historian David Allen's intensive study of five communities in seventeenth-century Massachusetts is a model of meticulous scholarship on the detailed microcosmic level, and is convincing up to a point. Allen suggests that much more coherence and direct continuity existed between English and colonial agricultural practices and administrative organization than other historians have suggested. However, he overstates his case with the declaration that he has proved "the remarkable extent to which diversity in New England local institutions was directly imitative of regional differences in the mother country."Such an assertion ignores critical differences between seventeenth-century England and New England. First, England was overcrowded and land-hungry; New England was sparsely populated and labor-hungry. Second, England suffered the normal European rate of mortality; New England, especially in the first generation of English colonists, was virtually free from infectious diseases. Third, England had an all-embracing state church; in New England membership in a church was restricted to the elect. Fourth, a high proportion of English villagers lived under paternalistic resident squires; no such class existed in New England. By narrowing his focus to village institutions and ignoring these critical differences, which studies by Greven, Demos, and Lockridge have shown to be so important, Allen has created a somewhat distorted picture of reality.被加粗的两句话之间的关系是：
|
|
|
One factor is product demand: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs.Another factor is labor's reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment.Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions.第一句和第二句之间的关系是：
|
|
|
The broader, classical definition is that a service is an intangible something that cannot be touched or stored.Yet electric utilities can store energy, and computer programmers save information electronically. Thus, the classical definition is hard to sustain.第二句和第三句的关系是：
|
|
GWD
|
According to the passage, one source of dissatisfaction for Parisian seamstresses after the establishment of the seamstresses' guild was that
|
|
OG16 OG17 OG18 OG19 OG20 OG20 OG2022
|
Found only in the Western Hemisphere and surviving through extremes of climate, hummingbird's range extends from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, from sea- level rain forests to the edges of Andean snowfields and ice fields at altitudes of 15000 feet.
|
|
|
According to the passage, the studies referred to in line 12 reported which of the following about the effect of price on consumers' perception of the performance risk associated with a new product?
|